【正文】 ret]……蒸發(fā)；使……脫水；使……消失，揮發(fā)；消失，失蹤Combustion [k?m39。The lower heating value is defined here as the higher heating value(HHV)minus the energy necessary to evaporate the water that is created by the bustion of the hydrogen in the fuel and minus the energy needed to evaporate the moisture that was already part of the fuel before value熱值Evaporate [?39。經(jīng)營的國際化或全球化正處于一個生長的趨勢，包括化學工業(yè)，它們的公司通過在其他國家建立制造單位或通過接管已經(jīng)在那里運行的公司來擴大自己的領(lǐng)域。后者需要龐大的資本家投資，因為一個單獨的這種規(guī)模的工廠需要花費250 000 000美元！這樣的話，結(jié)合自動控制設(shè)備的廣泛應用，來解釋為什么化學工業(yè)是資本集中型而不是勞動集中型。計算機都得到了各種類型的廣泛應用，從化工設(shè)備的自動化控制到化合物的分子結(jié)構(gòu)模型，到實驗室分析儀器的控制。D的承諾仍然保持在一個高的水平。盡管這幾年引入市場的新產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量明顯減少，通過一個過渡期，研究部門將是其中一個最先減少的，剩下一些高水平的研究機構(gòu)。在過去，這種巨大的投資能很好償還回來，使得很多有用和由價值的產(chǎn)品被引入市場。典型的數(shù)字占到銷售收入的5％，是大部分研究和制藥部門的兩倍?；瘜W工業(yè)的研究和發(fā)展化學工業(yè)在發(fā)達世界的迅速發(fā)展的主要原因是它已經(jīng)成為一種保障和研究發(fā)展(Ramp。汽車聚合物和塑料的顯著貢獻使得所有的汽車都受益于這些材料，如儀表盤、方向盤、輪子、座椅墊子和它們的覆蓋物現(xiàn)在都擴大40%。同樣地，這幾年化學工業(yè)在交通運輸方面的貢獻也得到很大改善，添加劑如抗化劑和和發(fā)動機的油粘性的改進提高，使日常工作距離增加從300英里到6000再到12000英里。塑料和合成物在娛樂活動引起一個相當大的影響。（4）住房 娛樂及交通運輸在住房方面，現(xiàn)在的合成聚合物 已經(jīng)被大量使用。如果一種漸變顏色不能獲得，通過修改原料就可以很容易實現(xiàn)了，該產(chǎn)品如果有需求市場的話。合成顏料和把它們?nèi)镜嚼w維技術(shù)的同時發(fā)展，時尚設(shè)計者可以充分利用多種多樣的顏色。現(xiàn)在的合成纖維的性能比以前的服飾材料（如麻，棉）有了顯著的改善。例如通過抗生素治愈細菌傳染，甚至可以延續(xù)生命，再如維生素β可以降低血壓。第三，生產(chǎn)獸醫(yī)藥品來保護家畜免受疾病和治療傳染病。化學工業(yè)對食物生產(chǎn)的主要貢獻至少體現(xiàn)在三個方面。其他的我們應考慮它們換來的服飾，住房，娛樂及交通運輸。我們回答這個問題的方向應該是考慮該工業(yè)對滿足我們主要需求的貢獻。本文提出“我們需要化學工業(yè)嗎”，這顯得的有點奇怪。每一個階段的操作價值都被加入到產(chǎn)品中，而且假設(shè)這些附加價值遠遠超過了原材料和過程的成本，這樣操作流程就產(chǎn)生了利潤。例如原油，首先要變成化工中間產(chǎn)品，然后轉(zhuǎn)變成相當多種類的其他化工產(chǎn)品。在比較那些不同來源的統(tǒng)計信息的時候，在心里忍受這些是非常重要的。但是，如果油漆的合成和配制包括聚合物是由跨化學行業(yè)的公司生產(chǎn)出來的，那它是化學制品還是裝飾產(chǎn)品呢？因此那時很顯然地，因為操作部門的多樣和許多其他工業(yè)領(lǐng)域的緊密聯(lián)系，沒有單純的化學工業(yè)。舉個特別的例子來解釋則個困境，乳化油漆可以含有聚合物（聚乙烯樹脂）/聚脂（乙烯基醋酸纖維）。然而現(xiàn)在大量的化學制品被生產(chǎn)，這些從未加工的材料如原油（在某些情況下）通過中間介質(zhì)得到可以直接消費的產(chǎn)品，或某些準備轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橄M品。D).A typical figure is 5% of sales ine, with this figure being almost doubled for the most research intensive sector, is important to emphasize that we are quoting percentages here not of profits but of sales ine, etc, as the past this tremendous investment has paid off well, leading to many useful and valuable products being introduced to the includesynthetic polymers like nylons and polyesters, and drugs and the number of new products introduced to the market has declined significantly in recent years and in times of recession the research department is usually one of the first to suffer cutbacks, the mitment to Ramp。第一篇：過程裝備與控制工程專業(yè)英語翻譯11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry of the Chemical IndustryAt the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufactured and these were clearly chemicals, ., alkali, sulfuric present, however, many thousands of chemicals are produced, from raw materials like crude oil through(in some cases)many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer goods, or readily converted into difficulty es in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industry’s sphere of consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma, emulsion paints may contain poly(vuby1 chloride)/poly(viny1 acetate).Clearly, synthesis of viny1 chloride(or acetate)and its polymerization ate chemical , if formulation and mixing of the paint, including the polymer, is carried out by a branch of the multinational chemical panies which manufactured the ingredients, is this still part of the chemical industry or does it now belong in the decorating industry?It is therefore apparent that, because office diversity of operations and close links on many areas with other industries, there is no simple definition of the chemical each official body which collects and publishes statistics on manufacturing industry will have its definition as to which operations are classified as “the chemical industry“.It is important to bear these in mind when paring statistical information which is derived from several major chemical panies are truly multinational and operate their sales and marketing activities in most of the countries of the world, and they also have manufacturing units in a number of international outlook for operations, or globalization, is a growing trend within chemical industry, with panies expanding their activities either by erecting manufacturing units in other countries or by taking over panies which are already operating manufacturing plants have capacities ranging from just a few tons per year in the fine chemicals area to the real giants in the fertilizer and petrochemical sectors which range up to 500000 latter requires enormous capital investment, since a single plant of this size can now cost $250 million!This, coupled with the widespread use of automatic control equipment, helps to explain why the chemical industry is capitalrather than chemical industry is very high technology industry which takes full advantage of the latest advances in electronics and are very widely used for all sorts of applications, from automatic control of chemical plants, to molecular modeling of structures of new pounds, to the control of analytical instruments in the and Development(Ramp。D)in Chemical IndustriesIn of the main reasons for the rapid growth of the chemical industry in the developed world has been its great mitment to, and investment in research and development(Ramp。D remains at very high the chemical industry’s contribution to transport over the years has led to major improvements, Thus development of improved additives like antioxidants and viscosity index improves for engine oil has enabled routine servicing intervals to increase from 300 to 6000 to 12000 and development work has also resulted in improved lubricating oils and greases, and better brake again the contribution of automobile polymers and plastics has been very striking with the proportion of the total automobile derived from these materialsdashboard, steering wheel, seat padding and covering exceeding 40%.(4)Shelter, leisure and terms of shelter the contribution of modern synthetic polymers has been are tending to replace traditional building materials like wood be