【正文】 第一篇：過程裝備與控制工程專業(yè)英語翻譯11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry of the Chemical IndustryAt the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufactured and these were clearly chemicals, ., alkali, sulfuric present, however, many thousands of chemicals are produced, from raw materials like crude oil through(in some cases)many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer goods, or readily converted into difficulty es in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industry’s sphere of consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma, emulsion paints may contain poly(vuby1 chloride)/poly(viny1 acetate).Clearly, synthesis of viny1 chloride(or acetate)and its polymerization ate chemical , if formulation and mixing of the paint, including the polymer, is carried out by a branch of the multinational chemical panies which manufactured the ingredients, is this still part of the chemical industry or does it now belong in the decorating industry?It is therefore apparent that, because office diversity of operations and close links on many areas with other industries, there is no simple definition of the chemical each official body which collects and publishes statistics on manufacturing industry will have its definition as to which operations are classified as “the chemical industry“.It is important to bear these in mind when paring statistical information which is derived from several major chemical panies are truly multinational and operate their sales and marketing activities in most of the countries of the world, and they also have manufacturing units in a number of international outlook for operations, or globalization, is a growing trend within chemical industry, with panies expanding their activities either by erecting manufacturing units in other countries or by taking over panies which are already operating manufacturing plants have capacities ranging from just a few tons per year in the fine chemicals area to the real giants in the fertilizer and petrochemical sectors which range up to 500000 latter requires enormous capital investment, since a single plant of this size can now cost $250 million!This, coupled with the widespread use of automatic control equipment, helps to explain why the chemical industry is capitalrather than chemical industry is very high technology industry which takes full advantage of the latest advances in electronics and are very widely used for all sorts of applications, from automatic control of chemical plants, to molecular modeling of structures of new pounds, to the control of analytical instruments in the and Development(Ramp。D)in Chemical IndustriesIn of the main reasons for the rapid growth of the chemical industry in the developed world has been its great mitment to, and investment in research and development(Ramp。D).A typical figure is 5% of sales ine, with this figure being almost doubled for the most research intensive sector, is important to emphasize that we are quoting percentages here not of profits but of sales ine, etc, as the past this tremendous investment has paid off well, leading to many useful and valuable products being introduced to the includesynthetic polymers like nylons and polyesters, and drugs and the number of new products introduced to the market has declined significantly in recent years and in times of recession the research department is usually one of the first to suffer cutbacks, the mitment to Ramp。D remains at very high the chemical industry’s contribution to transport over the years has led to major improvements, Thus development of improved additives like antioxidants and viscosity index improves for engine oil has enabled routine servicing intervals to increase from 300 to 6000 to 12000 and development work has also resulted in improved lubricating oils and greases, and better brake again the contribution of automobile polymers and plastics has been very striking with the proportion of the total automobile derived from these materialsdashboard, steering wheel, seat padding and covering exceeding 40%.(4)Shelter, leisure and terms of shelter the contribution of modern synthetic polymers has been are tending to replace traditional building materials like wood because they are lighter, maintenancefree( are resistant to weathering and do not need painting).Other polymers, and polyurethanes, are important insulating materials for reducing heat losses and hence reducing energy and polymers have made a considerable impact on leisure activities with applications ranging from allweather artificial surfaces for athletic tracks, football pitches and tennis courts to nylon strings for racquets and items like golf balls and footballs made entirely from synthetic major advances in this sphere have been in colorfastness, ., resistance to the dye being washed out when the garment is developments in the discovery of modern synthetic dyes and the technology to “bond” them to the fiber have resulted in a tremendous increase in the variety of colors available to the fashion they now span almost every color and hue of the visible if a suitable shade is not available, structural modification of an existing dye to achieve this can readily be carried out, provided there is a satisfactory market for the product.(3) improvement in properties of modern synthetic fibers over the traditional clothing materials( and wool)has been quite shirts, dresses and suits made from polyesters liker Terylene and polyamides like Nylon are creaseresistant, machinewashable, and dripdry or are also cheaper than natural materials.（2） are all aware of the major contribution which the pharmaceutical sector of the industry has made to help keep us all healthy, curing bacterial infections with antibiotics, and even extending life itself, to lower b