【正文】 od pressure.(1) chemical industry makes a major contribution to food production in at leastthree , by making available large quantities of artificial fertilizers which are used to replace the elements(mainly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium)which are removed by the growing crops during modern intensive ,by manufacturing protection chemicals , which markedly reduce the proportion of the crops consumed by ,by producing veterinary products which protect livestock from disease or cure their may seem strange in textbook like this one to pose the question ”do we need a chemical industry?” However, trying to answer this question will provide(i)an indication of the range of the chemical industry’s activates.(ii)Its influence on our lives in everyday terms, and(iii)how great is society’s need for a chemical approach in answering the question will be toconsider the industry’s contribution to meeting and satisfying our major are these? Clearly food(and drink)and health are which we shall consider in their turn are clothing and(briefly)shelter, leisure and Need for Chemical IndustryThe chemical industry is concerned with converting raw materials, such as crude oil, firstly into chemical intermediates, and then into a tremendous variety of other are then used to produce consumer products, which make our lives more fortable or，in some case such as pharmaceutical products,help to maintain our wellbeing or even life each stage of these operations value is added to the product and provided this added value exceeds the raw material plus processing costs then a profit will be made on the is the aim of chemical industry to achieve is therefore apparent that, because office diversity of operations and close links on many areas with other industries, there is no simple definition of the chemical each official body which collects and publishes statistics on manufacturing industry will have its definition as to which operations are classified as “the chemical industry.It is important to bear these in mind when paring statistical information which is derived from several 化學(xué)工業(yè)化學(xué)工業(yè)的定義上世紀(jì)初，定義化學(xué)工業(yè)的構(gòu)成是沒(méi)有什么困難的，因?yàn)橹挥蟹浅Ｓ邢薜漠a(chǎn)品被生產(chǎn)，而且這些產(chǎn)品是無(wú)害的化學(xué)制品如強(qiáng)堿和硫酸。第一篇：過(guò)程裝備與控制工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯11Reading Material 11Chemical Industry of the Chemical IndustryAt the turn of the century there had been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufactured and these were clearly chemicals, ., alkali, sulfuric present, however, many thousands of chemicals are produced, from raw materials like crude oil through(in some cases)many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer goods, or readily converted into difficulty es in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industry’s sphere of consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma, emulsion paints may contain poly(vuby1 chloride)/poly(viny1 acetate).Clearly, synthesis of viny1 chloride(or acetate)and its polymerization ate chemical , if formulation and mixing of the paint, including the polymer, is carried out by a branch of the multinational chemical panies which manufactured the ingredients, is this still part of the chemical industry or does it now belong in the decorating industry?It is therefore apparent that, because office diversity of operations and close links on many areas with other industries, there is no simple definition of the chemical each official body which collects and publishes statistics on manufacturing industry will have its definition as to which operations are classified as “the chemical industry“.It is important to bear these in mind when paring statistical information which is derived from several major chemical panies are truly multinational and operate their sales and marketing activities in most of the countries of the world, and they also have manufacturing units in a number of international outlook for operations, or globalization, is a growing trend within chemical industry, with panies expanding their activities either by erecting manufacturing units in other countries or by taking over panies which are already operating manufacturing plants have capacities ranging from just a few tons per year in the fine chemicals area to the real giants in the fertilizer and petrochemical sectors which range up to 500000 latter requires enormous capital investment, since a single plant of this size can now cost $250 million!This, coupled with the widespread use of automatic control equipment, helps to explain why the chemical industry is capitalrather than chemical industry is very high technology industry which takes full advantage of the latest advances in electronics and are very widely used for all sorts of applications, from automatic control of chemical plants, to molecular modeling of structures of new pounds, to the control of analytical instruments in the and Development(Ramp。然而現(xiàn)在大量的化學(xué)制品被生產(chǎn)，這些從未加工的材料如原油（在某些情況下）通過(guò)中間介質(zhì)得到可以直接消費(fèi)的產(chǎn)品，或某些準(zhǔn)備轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橄M(fèi)品。但是，如果油漆的合成和配制包括聚合物是由跨化學(xué)行業(yè)的公司生產(chǎn)出來(lái)的，那它是化學(xué)制品還是裝飾產(chǎn)品呢？因此那時(shí)很顯然地，因?yàn)椴僮鞑块T的多樣和許多其他工業(yè)領(lǐng)域的緊密聯(lián)系，沒(méi)有單純的化學(xué)工業(yè)。例如原油，首先要變成化工中間產(chǎn)品，然后轉(zhuǎn)變成相當(dāng)多種類的其他化工產(chǎn)品。本文提出“我們需要化學(xué)工業(yè)嗎”，這顯得的有點(diǎn)奇怪。其他的我們應(yīng)考慮它們換來(lái)的服飾，住房，娛樂(lè)及交通運(yùn)輸。第三，生產(chǎn)獸醫(yī)藥品來(lái)保護(hù)家畜免受疾病和治療傳染病?，F(xiàn)在的合成纖維的性能比以前的服飾材料（如麻，棉）有了顯著的改善。如果一種漸變顏色不能獲得，通過(guò)修改原料就可以很容易實(shí)現(xiàn)了，該產(chǎn)品如果有需求市場(chǎng)的話。塑料和合成物在娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)引起一個(gè)相當(dāng)大的影響。汽車聚合物和塑料的顯著貢獻(xiàn)使得所有的汽車都受益于這些材料，如儀表盤、方向盤、輪子、座椅墊子和它們的覆蓋物現(xiàn)在都擴(kuò)大40%。典型的數(shù)字占到銷售收入的5％，是大部分研究和制藥部門的兩倍。盡管這幾年引入市場(chǎng)的新產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量明顯減少，通過(guò)一個(gè)過(guò)渡期，研究部門將是其中一個(gè)最先減少的，剩下一些高水平的研究機(jī)構(gòu)。計(jì)算機(jī)都得到了各種類型的廣泛應(yīng)用，從化工設(shè)備的自動(dòng)化控制到化合物的分子結(jié)構(gòu)模型，到實(shí)驗(yàn)室分析儀器的控制。經(jīng)營(yíng)的國(guó)際化或全球化正處于一個(gè)生長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)，包括化學(xué)工業(yè)，它們的公司通過(guò)在其他國(guó)家建立制造單位或通過(guò)接管已經(jīng)在那里運(yùn)行的公司來(lái)擴(kuò)大自己的領(lǐng)域。p?ret]……蒸發(fā)；使……脫水；使……消失，揮發(fā)；消失，失蹤C(jī)ombustion [k?m39。biomass [‘ba??(?)m230。In developing countries like Ghana where solid waste disposal is increasingly an environmental burden with its attendant health hazards, the idea of converting the organic fraction of municipal solid waste into energy for the national grid is a wele proposition towards reducing volumes of domestic was