【正文】 carbon than the area adjacent to positional differences affect the way in which the steel will respond to heat it is heated to a high temperature, the carbon can readily diffuse throughout, and the result is a reasonably uniform position from one area to the steel is then more homogeneous and will respond to the heat treatment in a more uniform cold deformation, steel has a tendency to harden in deformed areas, making it more difficult to bend and liable to deforming and annealing operations are performed on most manufactured steel annealingFull annealing, where steel is heated 50 to 100C above the third transformation temperature for hypoeutectoid steels, and above the lowest transformation temperature for hypereutectoid steels, and slow cooled, makes the steel much easier to cut, as well as full annealing, cooling must take place very slowly so that a coarse pearlite is cooling is not essential forprocess annealing, since any cooling rate from temperatures below the lowest transformation temperature will result in the same microstructure and annealingProcess annealing consists of heating steel to a temperature just below the lowest transformation temperature for a short makes the steel easier to heat treatment is monly applied in the sheet and wire industries, and the temperatures generally used are from 550 to The twostage heat treating process of quenching and tempering is designed to produce high strength steel capable of resisting shock and deformation without the other hand, the annealing process is intended to make steel easier to deform or manufacturing steel products, machining and severe bending operations are often tempered steel may not cut or bend very easi1y and annealing is often effect of tempering may be il1ustrated as the head of a hammer were quenched to a fully martensitic structure, it probably would crack after the first few during manufacture of the hammer imparts shock resistance with only a slight decrease in is acplished by heating a quenched part to some point below the transformation temperature, and holding it at this temperature for an hour or more, depending on its steels are tempered between 205176。Thus, a bined cycle plant can be designed that uses the hot flue gases produced from organic waste bustion to generate steam and gasify liquid methane in stages to turn a steam turbine and a gas turbine respectively , and the flue gases, cooled down, can be used to predry the organic waste in a cycle for use as fuel to increase the efficiency of the —；turbine—渦輪機(jī)；因此，一個(gè)聯(lián)合循環(huán)電廠可以被設(shè)計(jì)成這樣：使用有機(jī)垃圾燃燒產(chǎn)生的熱煙氣分步地去生產(chǎn)蒸汽去轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)蒸汽輪機(jī)和氣化液態(tài)甲烷去轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)，然后被冷卻下來(lái)的煙氣可作為燃料循環(huán)地用于預(yù)熱有機(jī)垃圾以提高電廠的效率。sifi39。m??st??] ；濕度；潮濕；降雨量低熱值在這里定義為高熱值減去使水分蒸發(fā)所需要的能量，這些能量包括使燃料中的氫燃燒產(chǎn)生的水分蒸發(fā)所必需的能量和使燃料燃燒前所含有的水分蒸發(fā)所需要的能量。The lower heating value is defined here as the higher heating value(HHV)minus the energy necessary to evaporate the water that is created by the bustion of the hydrogen in the fuel and minus the energy needed to evaporate the moisture that was already part of the fuel before value熱值Evaporate [?39。意大利《意大利壓力容器規(guī)范》，意大利米蘭市國(guó)家燃燒控制協(xié)會(huì)（ANCC）。以下是在不同國(guó)家使用的不同規(guī)范的部分摘要：澳大利亞澳大利亞鍋爐與壓力容器標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，SAA鍋爐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（AS1200系列）：AS1210，非火加熱類壓力容器和分類1H，改進(jìn)后的設(shè)計(jì)與制造壓力容器，澳大利亞協(xié)會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。新的附錄在頒布之日起即可使用，并在六個(gè)月強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行。其中的一些是關(guān)于特種設(shè)備的。ANSI/ASME鍋爐和壓力容器規(guī)范是美國(guó)機(jī)械工程學(xué)會(huì)在美國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會(huì)(ANSI)的支持下作為ANSI/ASME文件頒布的。1951年，最后一部獨(dú)立的APIASME規(guī)范得以頒布。3這部規(guī)范適用于直徑超過(guò)6英寸、壓力超過(guò)30帕的容器。1915年2月13日，首部ASME鍋爐法規(guī)正式頒布。這起事故后，馬薩諸塞州州長(zhǎng)牽頭成立了鍋爐規(guī)范委員會(huì)。1865年4月27日發(fā)生在密西西比河上的一艘名為Sultana的輪船的火管鍋爐爆炸事故，導(dǎo)致輪船在20分鐘內(nèi)沉沒(méi)，船上載著的1500名從內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中準(zhǔn)備回家的士兵死亡。others relate to specific materials and methods for application and control of equipment。and others relate to care and inspection of installed following Sections specifically relate to boiler and pressure vessel design and ⅠPower Boilers(1 volume)Section ⅢDivision 1Nuclear Power Plant Components(7 volumes)Division 2Concrete Reactor Vessels and Containment(1 volume)Code CaseCase 1 Components in Elevated Temperature service(in Nuclear Code N47Case book)Section Ⅳ Heating Boilers(1 volume)Section ⅧDivision 1 Pressure Vessels(1 volume)Division 2 Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels(1 volume)Section Ⅹ FiberglassReinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels(1 volume)A new edition of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is issued on July 1 every three years and new addenda are issued every six months on January 1 and July new edition of the code bees mandatory when it addenda are permissive at the date of issuance and bee mandatory six months after that Pressure Vessel CodesIn addition to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which is used worldwide, many other pressure vessel codes have been legally adopted in various often occurs when vessels are designed in one country, built in another country, and installed in still a different this worldwide construction this is often the following list is a partial summary of some of the various codes used in different countries:AustraliaAustralian Code for Boilers and Pressure Vessels, SAA Boiler Code(Series AS1200): AS1210, Unfired Pressure Vessels and Class 1 H, Pressure Vessels of Advanced Design and Construction, Standards Association of Code Calculation Rules for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Syndicat National de la Chaudronnerie et de la Tuyauterie Industrielle(SNCT), Paris, KingdomBritish Code , British Standards Institution, London, Pressure Vessel Code, Ministry of LABOR, PUBLISHED BY Japan Boiler Association, Tokyo, Japan。類似的災(zāi)難在19世紀(jì)早期頻發(fā)。首部有關(guān)鍋爐設(shè)計(jì)和建設(shè)的法律與1907年8月30日在馬薩諸塞州頒布。名為“《鍋爐建造規(guī)范》1914版”。1931年12月，一個(gè)名為APIASME聯(lián)合委員會(huì)的組織組建了起來(lái)，目的是為石油工業(yè)編寫無(wú)火的壓力容器規(guī)范。1952年，這兩部規(guī)范合并成一部ASME無(wú)火壓力容器規(guī)范，第八部。另有一部ANSI/ASME鍋爐和壓力容器規(guī)范作為法規(guī)已在美國(guó)的47個(gè)州和加拿大的所有省份實(shí)施。其他事關(guān)于特種設(shè)備的的材料和使用方法以及控制，還有的是關(guān)于已安裝好的設(shè)備的維護(hù)和檢查。世界通用的壓力容器規(guī)范除了ASME鍋爐和壓力容器規(guī)范在世界范圍內(nèi)被規(guī)范使用外，許多其他的壓力容器規(guī)范也在世界其他國(guó)家依法使用。法國(guó)《不用火加熱壓力容器建造規(guī)范計(jì)算規(guī)則》，法國(guó)巴黎市SNCT結(jié)構(gòu)。比利時(shí)《壓力容器構(gòu)造可靠實(shí)踐規(guī)范》，比利時(shí)布魯塞爾市比利時(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會(huì)（IBN）。v230。In the case of biomass bustion , however, this will be possible on only very large scales, whereas atmospheric biomass gasification is projected to attain these effic