【正文】
ms of the contract of carriage which is normally concluded earlier. (c)It is a document of title. (二)提單的種類 以貨物是否裝船 —— 已裝船提單 (shipped B/L)、收貨待運提單 (received for B/L) 以提單上是否有批注 —— 清潔提單 (clean B/L) 、不清潔提單 (claused B/L, foul B/L) (保函換取清潔提單的問題 ) 以對收貨人的記載不同 —— 記名提單 (straight B/L) 、不記名提單 (bearer B/L) 、指示提單 (order B/L) (三)承運人和托運人的權(quán)利與義務(wù) 承運人的責(zé)任 最低限度 的責(zé)任: ( 1)在開航前和開航時克盡職責(zé)使船舶適航; 時間:開航前和開航時; 狀態(tài):船舶適于航行 船員的配備適當(dāng)、 船舶的裝備和供應(yīng)適當(dāng)、 適合貨物的安全運送和保管 程度:克盡職責(zé) (1)To exercise due diligence to the ship seaworthy, before and at the beginning of the voyage: (a) seaworthiness:(適航性) ? make the ship seaworthy. ? properly man, equip and supply the ship ? make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation (b) Due diligence(謹(jǐn)慎處理) (c) before and at the beginning of the voyage ? ( 2)管貨的義務(wù) ? To exercise due diligence to properly and carefully loading(裝載) , handling(處理) , stowing(積載) , carrying(運輸) , keeping(保管) , caring for(照料) , and discharging (卸載) the goods carried. ? ( 3)運輸?shù)牧x務(wù) ? 責(zé)任期間: ? 舷到舷、鉤到鉤原則 from the time when the goods are loaded on (貨物裝上船) to the time they are discharged from the ship (貨物卸下船) 承運人的責(zé)任豁免 ( 1)過失免責(zé): 承運人對船長、船員、領(lǐng)航員或承運人的 其他受雇人 在駕駛或管理船舶中的過失; Act, neglect, or default of the