【正文】 of the characters rather than through the mentary of an omniscient author. Second, character development is achieved through revelation of extremely personal and often typical thought processes rather than through the creation of typical characters in typical circumstances. Third, the action of the plot seldom corresponds to real, chronological time, but moves back and forth through present time to memories of past events and drams of the future. Fourth, it replaces narration, description, and mentary with dramatic interior monologue and free association. [17] Puritanism: The term is used in a narrow sense of religious practice and attitudes, and in a broad sense of an ethical outlook, which is much less easy to define. 1. In its strict sense, Puritan was applied to those Protestant reformers who rejected Queen Elizabeth39。s experiences. The romantics extol the faculty of the imagination, write about nature and they get inspiration form nature, turn to the humble people and the mon everyday life for subjects and turn to other times and places, where the qualities they valued would be convincingly depicted. [14] Aestheticism: Aestheticism is a term given to a movement, a cult, a mode of sensibility in the 19th century. Fundamentally, it expressed the point of view that art is selfsufficient and need serve no other purpose than its own ends. The major implication of the new aesthetic standpoint was that art had no reference to life, and therefore had nothing to do with morality. Many poets of the period strove for beautiful musical effects in their verses rather than for sense. They aspired to sensuousness and revived archaistic modes and archaic language. They also revived an extensive use of classical mythology as a framework for expressing ideas. It opposes the democratic and socialist ideals and upholds bourgeois individualism. Their slogan is art for art39。s court. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is an example of a medieval romance. [3] Ballad: It is a story in poetic form, often about tragic love and usually sung. Ballads were passed down from generation to generation by singers. The medieval ballads are ballads of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad. [4] Heroic couplet: They are poetry posed in iambic pentameter. In this form of poetry, lines consisting of five iambic feet rime together in pairs. The rime scheme :aa bb cc ….. [5] Renaissance: Renaissance marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. In essence, it is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Church authorities. Two features of renaissance: It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. People learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form. It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. [6] Son: A lyric poem of fourteen lines whose ryhme scheme is fixed. The rhyme scheme in the Italian form as typified in the sons of Petrarch is abbaabba cdecde. The Petrarchian son has two divisions: the first is of eight lines (the octave), and the second is of six lines (the sestet). The rhyme scheme of the English, or Shakespearean son is abab cdcd efef gg. The change of rhyme in the English son is coincidental with a change of theme in the poem. The meter is iambic pentameter. [7] Blank verse: A poem written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. [8] Spenserian Stanza: Spenser invented a new verse form for his poem. The verse form has been called Spenserian Stanza since his day. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter form, and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line. The rhythm scheme is abab bcbc c. [9] Enlightenment : The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They thought the chief means for bettering the society was enlightenment or education for the people. The English enlighteners were bourgeois democratic thinkers. They set no revolutionary aim before them and what they strove for was to bring it to an end by clearing away the feudal ideas with the bourgeois ideology. [10] Classicism: A movement or tendency in art, music, and literature to retain the characteristics found in work originating in classical Greece and Rome. It differs from Romanticism in that while Romanticism dwells on the emotional impact of a work, classicism concerns itself with form and discipline. [11] Sentimentalism: Sentimentalism appeared in the middle of the 18th century, as a reaction against mercialism and the cold rationalism. Sentimentalists emphasize “the human heart” and show sympathy to the poor. This trend marks the transition form neoclassicism to romanticism in English poetry. Thomas Gray is one of the models. Another sentimentalist poet is Oliver Goldsmith (The Disserted Village). The most outstanding figure of English sentimentalism is Laurence Sterne. [12] Preromanticism: The Romantic Movement was mark