【正文】 ith of an earlier ’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of forting moral attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an Age of Realism came into came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really expresses the concern for monplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human Romanticism: The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences were among the important factors which made literary expansion and expression not only possible but also inevitable in the period immediately following the nation’s political , romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation’s revolutionary heritage and its frontier Transcendentalism: Transcendentalists terroras from the romantic literature of spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of Americagogopirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the stressed the importance of the them, the individual was the most important element of offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the ’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.:(a figure of speech)A parison made between tow things to show the similarities between are often used for illustration or for : It’s made up of two unstressed and one stressed syllables, with the two unstressed ones in : A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative。the second and fourth lines have three meter is usually number of unstressed syllables in each line may second and fourth lines : A detailed account of a person’s life written by another verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic : A break or pause in a line of : A section or division of a long : The use of exaggeration or distortion to make a figure appear ic or physical characteristic, an eccentricity, a personality trait, or an act may be : In appreciating a short story, characters are an indispensable are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail。 monologue: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the : A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in image: A verbal picture or figure with a long tradition of moral or religious meaning attached to : With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against egogo inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the : A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written : A short, witty, pointed statement often in the form of a : A quotation or motto at the beginning of a chapter, book, short story, or poem that makes some point about the : A short addition or conclusion at the end of a literary : A moment of illumination, usually occurring at or near the end of a : An inscription on a gravestone or a short poem written in memory of someone who has : A descriptive name or phrase used to characterize someone or of Modernism: The years from 1910 to 1930 are often called the