【正文】 tructure at one time or other, and this section provides a general description(一般說明) of the characteristics of the most important ones.有許多類型的負載，可能對建筑物結(jié)構(gòu)法在同一時間或其他，本節(jié)提供了一種通用的描述的最重要的特點。(4)Building codes treat these effects as static phenomena and relate them to the actual conditions through semiempirical equations(半經(jīng)驗公式). 建筑規(guī)范視這些影響為靜態(tài)現(xiàn)象，并通過半經(jīng)驗方程與實際情況相聯(lián)系。(2)Since the random variation of the loads is a function of time as well as a number of other factors, the modeling, strictly speaking(嚴格來講), should take this into account by using stochastic analyses(隨機分析) to reflect the time and space interdependence(互相依賴).由于載荷的隨機變化是時間的函數(shù)以及一系列其他因素，造型數(shù)量，嚴格來說，應考慮到利用隨機分析，以反映時間和空間互相依賴。 Creep increases with the loading period. About 80% of the creep occurs within the first 4 months。 The more cement or water content in the concrete mix, the greater the shrinkage. （4）混凝土不是熱的良導體，而鋼筋是。 Many factors influence the shrinkage of concrete such as cement and water content、 gradation(等級) of aggregate and ambient conditions and so on。(7)Creep increases with an increase of stress in specimens made from concrete of the same strength and with the same duration of load.與標本中增加的壓力增大制成的蠕變相同強度混凝土和時間相同的負載與標本中的壓力相同強度的混凝土，并與負荷增加同一時間作出蠕變增加(8)Creep is reduced with an increase in the humidity of the ambient air蠕變的減少是由于在周圍的空氣濕度增加(9) Creep is decreases with an increase in the size of the tested specimen.蠕變是一個經(jīng)過測試的試件尺寸增大而減小. (10)Hightemperature steam curing of concrete as well as per use of a plasticizer will reduce the amount of creep.高溫蒸汽作為增塑劑正確使用混凝土養(yǎng)護將減少蠕變量.Translate the following sentence into English.（1）如果通過蒸發(fā)失去水分，混凝土就會收縮，但在水中硬化則會膨脹。(5)Generally, concrete shrinks at a high rate during the initial period of hardening, but at later stages the rate diminishes gradually.一般來說，在硬化過程中初期率很高，但在稍后階段混凝土收縮率逐漸減小。(3)The greater the aggregate content, the smaller is the shrinkage.骨料含量越大，收縮越小。LESSON 4 Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）Sustained load 長期荷載 （2）Cement gel 水泥凝膠體 （3）Watercement ratio 水灰比 （4）The stability of the structure結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定（5）The expansion joint 伸縮縫 （6）Moisture content 含水量（7）Cement paste 水泥漿 （8）The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete 混凝土熱膨脹系（9）Permanent plastic strain 永久塑性應變 （10）The fatigue strength of concrete 混凝土疲勞強度Translate the following sentence into Chinese.(1)The cause of the volume changes in concrete can be attributed to changes in moisture content, chemical reaction of the cement with water, variation in temperature, and applied loads.混凝土的體積變化的原因可以歸結(jié)為水分含量,水泥和水的化學反應，溫度以及施加荷載的變化。(2)Highearlystrength and lowheat cement show more shrinkage than normal Portland cement.高早強和低熱水泥顯示超過普通硅酸鹽水泥收縮。(4)Therefore, cracks may develop in concrete when a high percentage of steel is used.因此，當使用高比例的鋼鐵時將可能產(chǎn)生混凝土裂縫。（6）Under sustained load, plastic deformation continues to develop over a period that may last for years.持續(xù)負荷下，塑性變形繼續(xù)發(fā)展一段時間，可能持續(xù)數(shù)年。If it loses moisture(水份) by evaporation(蒸發(fā)),concrete shrinks, but if the concrete hardens in water, it expands.（2）影響混凝土收縮的因素很多，如水泥和水的含量、骨料的級配以及環(huán)境條件等。（3）混凝土拌合物中的水泥含量越多或含水量越多，收縮量則越大。 Concrete is not a good conductor of heat, whereas steel is a good one.（5）在荷載作用期間，大約80%的徐變產(chǎn)生在前4個月內(nèi)，大約2年后完成90%的徐變。90%occurs after about 2 years.LESSON 5Translate the following phrases into Chinese /English .（1）building code 建筑規(guī)范 （6）隨機變量 random variation（2）stochastic analyse 隨機分析 （7）半經(jīng)驗公式 semiempirical equation（3）multistory building 多層建筑 （8）風洞荷載 wind tunnel testing （4）codeprescribed data 規(guī)范規(guī)定的數(shù)值 （9）持續(xù)活荷載 sustained live load（5）transient live load 瞬時活荷載 （10）名義值 nominal valueTranslate the following sentence into Chinese.(1)The building code loads have traditionally been given as nominal values, determined on the basis of material properties (. , dead load )or load surveys (. , live load and snow load).該建筑代碼加載歷來給出標準值，根據(jù)材料的性質(zhì)（如，恒載）或負載調(diào)查（如，活荷載和雪荷載）的基礎(chǔ)上確定。(3)For example, American live l