【正文】 he bar examination for a lawyer, before they can actively start on their careers. specialized專門的, 專科的 jurisdiction管轄權(quán)，權(quán)限 license許可（證），執(zhí)照 bar 律師業(yè) 土木工程是一個(gè)意味著工程師必須要經(jīng)過 專門的大學(xué)教育的職業(yè)。許多政府管轄部門 還有（一套）認(rèn)證程序，這一程序要求工科 畢業(yè)生在他們能積極地開始（從事）他們的 事業(yè)之前，通過（認(rèn)證）考試, 這種考試類似 于律師職業(yè)里的律師考試一樣。在工科所有 分支中，數(shù)學(xué)非常重要, 因此它被著重地強(qiáng)調(diào)。 統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)學(xué)的一個(gè)重要方面是概率, 它涉及當(dāng) 有改變問題的結(jié)果的不同的因素, 或變量時(shí)， 可能會(huì)發(fā)生什么。 Because a great deal of calculation is involved in solving these problems, puter programming is now included in almost all engineering curricula. Computers, of course, can solve many problems involving calculations with greater speed and accuracy than a human being can. But puter are useless unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and informationin other words, a good program.be involved in涉及 program 編程序，電腦程 序 curricula instruction指令 由于在解決這些問題涉及大量的計(jì)算, 現(xiàn) 在幾乎所有工科課程中都包括計(jì)算機(jī)編程。但如果不給計(jì)算機(jī)清楚和準(zhǔn) 確指令和信息，換句話說，一個(gè)好程序，它 也是無用的。 it is sufficient, therefore, to say again that the work performed by an engineer affects society in many different and important ways that he or she should be aware of. An engineer also needs a sufficient mand of language to be able to prepare reports that are clear and, in many cases, persuasive. An engineer engaged in research will need to be able to write up his or her finding for scientific publications. mand 把握， 支配， 控制翻譯時(shí)需要引申 engage in , 參加 write up scientific publication 科技出版物 雖然，在工科課程中，對(duì)技術(shù)科目著重強(qiáng) 調(diào)，但當(dāng)前的趨勢(shì)還是要求學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)社會(huì)科 學(xué)和語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)的課程。 因此,再一次充分說明, 工程師 負(fù)責(zé)（承擔(dān)）的工程在許多不同和重要的方 面影響社會(huì),這些方面是他們所知道的。參與研究的工程 師要能為科學(xué)出版物詳細(xì)描述他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)。為準(zhǔn)備使學(xué)生成為一名土木工程師, 這些專業(yè) 課程可能會(huì)涉及諸如大地測(cè)量、土力學(xué)，或水力學(xué)。s last year in the university. Many different corporation and government agencies have peted for the services of engineers in recent years. In the scienceoriented society of today, people who have technical training are, of course, in demand. Young engineers may choose to go into environmental or sanitary engineering, for example, where environmental concerns have created many openings。 or they may prefer to work with one of the government agencies that deal with water resource. Indeed, the choice is large and varied.近年來，許多不同的公 司和政府機(jī)構(gòu)為爭(zhēng)奪工程師而競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。年輕工程師也許選擇進(jìn) 入環(huán)境或衛(wèi)生工程領(lǐng)域工作, 例如, 在環(huán)境問 題方面創(chuàng)造的許多機(jī)會(huì)。 或他們也許喜歡 與政府機(jī)構(gòu)當(dāng)中處理水資源的機(jī)構(gòu)之一共事。 When the young engineer has finally started actual practice, the theoretical knowledge acquired in the university must be applied, He or she will probably be assigned at the beginning to work with a team of engineers. Thus, onthejob training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to translate theory into practice to the supervisors. assign分配, 指派 onthejob ，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的 demonstrate證明,示范,論證supervisor主管人，管 理人 當(dāng)年輕工程師最后開始了真正的實(shí)踐, 必須要運(yùn)用 到大學(xué)中學(xué)到的理論知識(shí)。從而, 他們會(huì)得到在職的培 訓(xùn)，這個(gè)培訓(xùn)將向管理人員證明他們將理論轉(zhuǎn)化為 實(shí)踐的能力。s knowledge and experience. civil construction supervision施工監(jiān)督，施工管理 土木工程師可能在研究、設(shè)計(jì)、施工管理、 養(yǎng)護(hù)或者甚至銷售或管理單位工作。 Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed by government or industry. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and testing of new structural materials. soil mechanics finance ...經(jīng) 費(fèi), 負(fù)擔(dān)經(jīng)費(fèi) soil stabilization土壤加固法，研究是科學(xué)和工程實(shí)踐的當(dāng)中最重要的一 個(gè)方面。他或她經(jīng)常 受雇于政府或企業(yè)提供經(jīng)費(fèi)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。 Civil engineering projects are almost always unique。 就是 說，每個(gè)工程有它自己的難題和設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)。研究包括勘測(cè)工程位置的地形和地 基特點(diǎn)。經(jīng)濟(jì) 因素與在每個(gè)可能的比選方案有關(guān)，也必須 斟酌。許多工程師, 通常在一起工作組成一個(gè) 團(tuán)隊(duì)，這個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)包括測(cè)量員、土力學(xué)方面的 專家和設(shè)計(jì)施工方面的專家，來參與制定這 些可行性研究。 in the space program, for instance, civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads and rocket storage facilities. consultant , 商議者, 咨詢者 water supply system 給水系統(tǒng) coordinate 協(xié)同 system engineer discipline學(xué)科 powerhouse launching pad , 發(fā)射臺(tái) storage facility貯存設(shè)備 許多土木工程師在設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域工作,他們中的許多人 是這個(gè)行業(yè)的佼佼者。在建筑設(shè)計(jì)中, 工程師經(jīng)常作為建筑或結(jié)構(gòu)公司的顧問。在許多情況下, 也需要（涉及）其它學(xué)科的 工程師。在其它情況下, 土木工 程師被分配到其它領(lǐng)域的項(xiàng)目上工作。Construction is a plicated process on almost all engineering projects. It involves scheduling the work and utilizing the equipment and the materials so that costs are kept as low as possible. Safety factors must also be taken into account, since construction can be very dangerous. Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase. Scheduling n 行程安排, 進(jìn)度安排 utilize 利 用，使用 take into account 考慮，重視 civil engineer specialize in , 專門研究construction phase 施工階段 在幾乎所有土木工程項(xiàng)目中，施工是復(fù)雜的 過程。必須 考慮安全因素，因?yàn)槭┕ず芪ｋU(xiǎn)。 Lesson2Modern Buildings and Structural Materials 現(xiàn)代建筑及結(jié)構(gòu)材料 Many great buildings (that are) built in the earlier ages are still in existence and in use. Among them are the Pantheon and the Colosseum in Rome, Hagia Sophia in Istanbul。s in Rome. They are massive structures with thick stone walls that counteract the thrust of their great weight. Thrust is the pressure exerted by each part of a structure on its other parts. Pantheon 帕提儂神廟 Colosseum ，角斗場(chǎng) Hagia Sophia 圣索非亞教堂 Istanbul 伊斯坦布兒(土耳其首都) renaissance文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期 cathedral gothic church dome ，穹頂 duomo , 中央寺院 Florence 佛羅倫薩 St. Peter‘s 圣彼得大教堂 massive , 大塊的, 魁偉的, 結(jié)實(shí)的 counteract ，對(duì)抗 thrust 推力引申為軸向壓力 exert 施加(壓力等) ，作用,施加 許多偉大的建筑很早就修建了現(xiàn)在仍然還 存在并在使用中。 法國(guó)和英國(guó)哥特式教會(huì), 和有 著宏偉圓頂?shù)奈乃噺?fù)興時(shí)期大教堂,如佛羅倫 薩的中央寺院和羅馬的圣彼得大教堂。軸向壓力來自于結(jié)構(gòu)的其它部份 對(duì)其的傳導(dǎo)。而是根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和觀察建造的, 經(jīng)常是不斷 摸索的產(chǎn)物。但更早的時(shí)期的工 程師也有過失敗。 許多修建得很拙劣且不時(shí)倒塌，造成了了相 當(dāng)大的財(cái)產(chǎn)或生命損失。當(dāng)現(xiàn)代工程師設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，他 要考慮所有組成材料的總重量。結(jié)構(gòu)，比如 橋梁將要承受高速的汽車通行（行使），它 必須考慮沖力力，這個(gè)力是活載作用在結(jié)構(gòu) 上的。 The modern engineer must also understand the different stresses to which the materials in a structure are subject. These include the forces of pression and tension. In pression the material is pressed or pushed together。這些力包括壓力和拉力這對(duì)互反的 力。除了拉力和壓力以外，還有另一種 力作用于結(jié)構(gòu)上，也就是剪力，我們定義使 材料趨于沿著力的作用線斷裂的力為剪力。 Altogether, three forces can act on a structure: verticalthose that act up or down。 and those that act upon it with a rotating or turning motion. Forces that act at an angle are a bination of horizontal and vertical forces. Since the structures designed by civil engineers are intended to