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, but the passenger must remain vertical since there is on centrifugal force requiring pensation. When the vehicle reaches the curve, full centrifugal force develops at once, and pulls the rider outward from his vertical position. To achieve a position of equilibrium he must force his body far inward. As the remaining superelevation takes effect, further adjustment in position is required. This process is repeated in reverse order as the vehicle leaves the curve. When easement curves are introduced, the change in radius from infinity on the tangent to that of the circular curve is effected gradually so that centrifugal force also develops gradually. By careful application of superelevation along the spiral, a smooth and gradual application of centrifugal force can be had and the roughness avoided. Easement curves have been used by the railroads for many years, but their adoption by highway agencies has e only recently. This is understandable. Railroad trains must follow the precise alignment of the tracks, and the disfort described here can be avoided only by adopting easement curves. On the other hand, the motorvehicle operator is free to alter his lateral position on the road and can provide his own easement curves by steering into circular curves gradually. However, this weaving within a traffic lane (but sometimes into other lanes) is dangerous. Properly designed easement curves make weaving unnecessary. It is largely for safety reasons, then, that easement curves have been widely adopted by highway agencies. For the same radius circular curve, the addition of easement curves at the ends changes the location of the curve with relation to its tangents。D302004[S].人民交通出版社,2004[20][S].人民交通出版社,2006[21] . 北京:中國建材工業(yè)出版社,2003[22] Goddard, system ,1991[23] mittee Report on surface Word Road Congress Montreal,1995[24] Jacobs M M J,De bont A H,Molenaar A A A, in asphalt concrete pavements[C] [M].Proc 7th Int Conf on Asphalt Pavements,199276外文資料翻譯Geometric Design of HighwaysA Alignment Design The alignment of a road is shown on the plane view and is a series of straight lines called tangents connected by circular. In modern practice it is mon to interpose transition or spiral curves between tangents and circular curves. Alignment must be consistent. Sudden changes from flat to sharp curves and long tangents followed by sharp curves must be avoided。D202006[S].人民交通出版社,2006[19]參考文獻[1](第二版)[M].人民交通出版社,2004[2][M].人民交通出版社,1987[3](第二版)[M].人民交通出版社,1987[4][M].人民交通出版社,2008[5][M].重慶大學(xué)出版社,1990[6] 5016292[S].人民交通出版社,1993[7]金仲秋,. 北京:人民交通出版社,2002[8]:人民交通出版社,2004[9]:人民交通出版社,2003[10]周亦唐,張維全,:重慶大學(xué)出版社,2003[11]鄧學(xué)鈞,. 北京:人民交通出版社,2002[12]:人民交通出版社,2005[13]:人民交通出版社,2002[14]:人民交通出版社,2004[15]黃曉明,:人民交通出版社,2002[16]公路路線設(shè)計規(guī)范JTG D20—2006. 北京:人民交通出版社,2006[17] 012003[S].人民交通出版社,2003[18]最后我要感謝的是學(xué)校和系里各位領(lǐng)導(dǎo),給我們提供場地和資料讓我們能夠自在的交流彼此遇到的困難并及時解決,順利的完成設(shè)計。同時,也難以忘記,那段日子:每天白天去實習(xí),晚上回來借同學(xué)電腦做畢業(yè)設(shè)計的日子。特意選了這樣一個寧靜的夜晚來寫這篇致謝詞。論文,便是如此。那些分分秒秒,那些日日夜夜;難以忘懷。謝 辭畢業(yè)是終點,也是起點,歷經(jīng)五個月的時間,在這個離別氣息凝重的季節(jié),我的畢業(yè)論文總算定稿了,在指導(dǎo)老師的幫助和包容下終于基本完成了。在此次設(shè)計中,大部分使用計算機完成,自學(xué)了鴻業(yè)、緯地等工程設(shè)計軟件,進行路線設(shè)計和施工圖繪制,并應(yīng)用EXCEL、WORD等軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)處理和文本編輯,這些都為我以后參加工作打下了良好的基礎(chǔ)。從拿到課題到確定設(shè)計思路、設(shè)計方法、搜集資料,到初步設(shè)計、詳細(xì)設(shè)計到初稿完成,我們都在董老師的指導(dǎo)下,認(rèn)真細(xì)心的進行,并獨立完成設(shè)計任務(wù)書中的各項任務(wù)。更是對我大學(xué)這四年的時間內(nèi)所學(xué)專業(yè)知識的一個系統(tǒng)而全面的檢驗,通過本次設(shè)計,讓我更加了解路橋設(shè)計的重點,也對公路設(shè)計規(guī)范以及設(shè)計流程有了一定的掌握。 結(jié) 論本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計的目的在于培養(yǎng)我們綜合應(yīng)用所學(xué)知識的能力,是對各個教學(xué)階段的繼續(xù)、深化、拓寬和升華。 設(shè)計方案選擇設(shè)計結(jié)果如下:方案一: 細(xì)粒式瀝青混凝土 4 cm 中粒式瀝青混凝土 6 cm 粗粒式瀝青混凝土 7 cm 水泥穩(wěn)定碎石 22cm 二灰土 24 cm 土基 方案二: 細(xì)粒式瀝青混凝土 4 cm 中粒式瀝青混凝土 5 cm 密集配瀝青碎石 14 cm 二灰穩(wěn)定砂礫 23cm 天然砂礫 20 cm 土基 方案一總厚度為63cm,方案二總厚度為66cm,就使用性能和安全性,耐久度而言,兩種方案相差不大,故可從經(jīng)濟角度與施工方便方面考慮。二灰穩(wěn)定砂礫:由 查三層體系表面彎沉系數(shù)諾謨圖,故:上述計算結(jié)果滿足設(shè)計要求。查三層體系表面彎沉系數(shù)諾謨圖,得:又由 查三層體系表面彎沉系數(shù)諾謨圖,得:則查三層體系表面彎沉系數(shù)諾謨圖,得:則4) 二灰穩(wěn)定砂礫層厚度取5) 層底拉應(yīng)力驗算將六層路面結(jié)構(gòu)換算為三層體系,按彎拉應(yīng)力等效原理進行換算細(xì)粒式瀝青混凝土:由查三層體系表面彎沉系數(shù)諾謨圖,為負(fù)值,結(jié)構(gòu)層受壓。故:石灰土:故 查三層體系上層底面拉應(yīng)力系數(shù)諾謨圖,得:故:上述計算結(jié)果滿足設(shè)計要求。同理,中粒式瀝青混凝土層、粗粒式瀝青混凝土層均受壓。計算所得修正系數(shù)為3) 理論彎沉系數(shù)4) 計算結(jié)構(gòu)層總厚度由。由于路面厚度計算式以彎沉值作為控制指標(biāo),故按彎沉等效原理進行換算。 —— 瀝青混凝土或半剛性材料的極限抗拉強度(MPa); —— 抗拉強度結(jié)構(gòu)系數(shù)。 式中:—— 設(shè)計彎沉值(); —— 設(shè)計年限內(nèi)一個車道累計當(dāng)量軸次; —— 公路等級系數(shù),高速公路、三; —— 面層類型系數(shù),;熱拌和冷拌瀝青碎石、上拌下貫或貫入式路面;中、。驗算層底拉應(yīng)力時,瀝青混合料采用15℃抗壓回彈模量、15℃劈裂強度。 路面材料配合比設(shè)計與設(shè)計參數(shù)的確定按照《公路工程瀝青及瀝青混合料試驗規(guī)程》(JTJ 0522000)中規(guī)定的方法測定瀝青混合料的抗壓回彈模量,測定20℃、15℃的抗壓回彈模量。表53 軸載換算結(jié)果匯總表車型(次/日)(次/日)東風(fēng)EQ140后軸111470三湘ck6640后軸112517黃海DD680前軸4911510后軸11510解放sp9200后軸7851510合計: (3)設(shè)計年限累計當(dāng)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)軸載數(shù)設(shè)計年限內(nèi)一個車道通過的累計當(dāng)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)軸次數(shù)按下式計算:式中:——設(shè)計年限內(nèi)一個車道通過的累計標(biāo)準(zhǔn)當(dāng)量軸次(次)——設(shè)計年限(年),——路面營運第一年雙向日平均當(dāng)量軸次(次/日)——設(shè)計年限內(nèi)交通量平均增長率(%),——與車道數(shù)有關(guān)的車輛橫向分布系數(shù),1)當(dāng)以設(shè)計彎沉為指標(biāo)及驗算瀝青層層底拉應(yīng)力時:2)當(dāng)以半剛性材料結(jié)構(gòu)層的層底拉應(yīng)力為設(shè)計指標(biāo)時: 結(jié)構(gòu)一:半剛性基層瀝青路面4cm細(xì)粒式瀝青混凝土 + 6cm中粒式瀝青混凝土 + 7cm粗粒式瀝青混凝土 + 22cm水泥穩(wěn)定碎石 基層+ ?二灰土底基層,以二灰土為設(shè)計層。瀝青路面結(jié)構(gòu)組合設(shè)計的基本原則:適應(yīng)行車荷載作用要求,合理安排結(jié)構(gòu)層次; 在各種自然