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綜合 ?是針對所有醫(yī)院中接受治療的病人而采取的預(yù)防措施 (不必考慮其診斷 ) ?目的在于盡最大可能來降低醫(yī)務(wù)人員與病人之間、病人與病人之間微生物傳播的危險(xiǎn)性 ,起到了雙向防護(hù)的作用 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)預(yù)防 ( Standard Precautions) ?血液 ?體液、分泌物、排泄物 ?非完整性皮膚 ?粘膜 個(gè)人防護(hù)用具 防護(hù)帽 防護(hù)服 N95 Respirator Mask 呼吸器口罩和手套 護(hù)目鏡 鞋套 PPE 手套 ?乳膠 , 腈類 amp。18:112. 手衛(wèi)生依從性差的原因 ?Physician status (rather than a nurse) ?Nursing assistant status (rather than a nurse) ?Male sex ?Working in an intensivecare unit ?Working during the week (versus the weekend) ?Wearing gowns/gloves ?Automated sink ?Activities with high risk of crosstransmission ?High number of opportunities for hand hygiene per hour of patient care 自述手衛(wèi)生依從性差的原因 ? Handwashing agents cause irritation and dryness ? Sinks are inconveniently located/shortage of sinks ? Lack of soap and paper towels ? Often too busy/insufficient time ? Understaffing/overcrowding ? Patient needs take priority ? Hand hygiene interferes with healthcare worker relationships with patients ? Low risk of acquiring infection from patients ? Wearing of gloves/beliefs that glove use obviates the need for hand hygiene ? Lack of knowledge of guidelines/protocols ? Not thinking about it/fetfulness ? No role model from colleagues or superiors ? Skepticism regarding the value of hand hygiene ? Disagreement with the remendations ? Lack of scientific information of definitive impact of improved hand hygiene on healthcare–associated infection rates 抗菌產(chǎn)品洗手的優(yōu)點(diǎn) ?用 CHG, PCMX對于大多微生物具有持久穩(wěn)固的抑菌作用 , 但用六氯酚 , 三氯生抑菌效果就相對差 , 但對于皮膚刺激比碘伏輕 ?有點(diǎn)類似于單次酒精擦手,但優(yōu)于普通洗手產(chǎn)品(肥皂或皂液) 抗菌產(chǎn)品洗手的缺點(diǎn) ?產(chǎn)品的花費(fèi)大約是酒精擦手的兩倍,而且沒有計(jì)算水、毛巾、日常維護(hù)以及耗費(fèi)的時(shí)間 ?依從性差 ?對皮膚刺激大 什么情況下需要抗菌產(chǎn)品洗手 ?當(dāng)手可能被染有微生物的污物污染 ?當(dāng)酒精擦手不能用時(shí) ?當(dāng)酒精和持久的抗菌活性產(chǎn)品不能用于外科手的消毒時(shí) 酒精擦手的優(yōu)點(diǎn) ?比洗手有更高的依從性 ?比普通洗手和用抗菌產(chǎn)品洗手更有效 ?比洗手對手部皮膚傷害少 ?比洗手和戴手套浪費(fèi)少 ?所用時(shí)間少,作用快 ?不需要水和毛巾 酒精擦手的缺點(diǎn) ?在酒精中添加好的潤膚劑成本高:非常重要 ?宗教信仰限制酒精使用 ?易燃 ?可能與一些洗液和抗菌洗手產(chǎn)品不能配伍 ?酒精缺乏持久穩(wěn)固的活性 什么情況下采用酒精擦手 ?接觸不同病人之間 ?進(jìn)行侵入性操作前 ?接觸物品后 ?接觸病人前 ?摘除手套后 ? ?個(gè)人衛(wèi)生 ?Olsen RJ, JAMA 1993 Adams . J Hosp Infect 1992 戴手套的優(yōu)點(diǎn) ?減少病原體遷移到手上或從手上遷移出來的最好方法 ?如果規(guī)范地戴手套及更換,成本效果好 ?手套的類型,用途和材料比較多樣 ?降低病原體雙向傳播的危險(xiǎn) ?明顯減少被針頭刺破皮膚的幾率,保護(hù)不受血液性傳染病的感染 戴手套的缺點(diǎn) ?花費(fèi)高 ?使用很不規(guī)范 。 ?2022年: 仍有 8所 醫(yī)院存在手動水龍頭, 3所 醫(yī)院未完全取消固體肥皂,近半數(shù)醫(yī)院手衛(wèi)生依從性存在問題。s Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP) plans on acplishing these seven challenges ? Reduce catheterassociated adverse events by 50% among patients in healthcare settings ? R