【正文】 gh sport. Although ten of Naismith39。s professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Women39。s basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a pergame basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the everchanging players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was anized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was anized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game。s game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably bee the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the women39。s basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem AbdulJabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The women39。 and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948。 England in 1894。 smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 1020 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismith39。s five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players。s bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 4954 in ( m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft ( m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere mands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two halfbushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and outlined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Men39。s games measures in (7576 cm) in circumference, and a women39。 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝！?。?2021年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄 Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Women39。 4） 當(dāng)涉及到建設(shè)單位和承包單位的工作時(shí)，監(jiān)理工作程序應(yīng)符合委托監(jiān)理合同和施工合同的規(guī)定。 3） 制定監(jiān)理工作程序應(yīng)結(jié)合工程特點(diǎn)，注重監(jiān)理工作效果。 30 制定監(jiān)理工作程序的一般規(guī)定是什么？ 1） 制定監(jiān)理工作總程序應(yīng)根據(jù)專業(yè)工程特點(diǎn)，并按工作內(nèi)容分別制定具體的監(jiān)理工作程序。它為決定建設(shè)項(xiàng)目是否成立和為審批計(jì)劃任務(wù)書提供依據(jù)，從而減少項(xiàng)目決策的盲目性，使建 設(shè)項(xiàng)目確定具有切實(shí)的科學(xué)性。 28項(xiàng)目可行性研究的目的是什么 ? 目的就是論證該項(xiàng)目在技術(shù)上是否先進(jìn)、實(shí)用、可靠；在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是否合理，在財(cái)務(wù)上是否盈利。 2）全部驗(yàn)收 ： 在整個(gè)項(xiàng)目全部工程建成后，必須根據(jù)國家有關(guān)規(guī)定，按工程的不同情況由負(fù)責(zé)驗(yàn)收單位組織建設(shè)、施工、設(shè)計(jì) 、監(jiān)理、環(huán)保等有關(guān)部門共同組成驗(yàn)收委員會(huì)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)收。 4）嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行合同，搞好項(xiàng)目報(bào)告工作。 2）主動(dòng)控制施工進(jìn)度和質(zhì)量。 6）經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益的初步估計(jì)。 4）投資估算和資金籌 措設(shè)想。 2）產(chǎn)品方案，擬建規(guī)模和建設(shè)地點(diǎn)的初步設(shè)想。 23 試述建設(shè)項(xiàng)目招標(biāo)的程序： 1） 成立招標(biāo)組織 2） 提出招標(biāo)申請并進(jìn)行招標(biāo)登記 3） 編制招標(biāo)文件 4） 編制標(biāo)底 5） 發(fā)布招標(biāo)公告或邀請函 6） 投標(biāo)單位資格預(yù)審 7） 發(fā)售招標(biāo)文件 8） 組織現(xiàn)場勘察及交底 9） 接受投標(biāo)單位的標(biāo)書 10） 開標(biāo)、評標(biāo)、定標(biāo)、簽訂合同 24項(xiàng)目法施工的關(guān)鍵應(yīng)做到哪三點(diǎn)？ 一 是要按照現(xiàn)代化管理的要求，建立和完善人才、勞務(wù)、材料、設(shè)備、資金和服務(wù)市場，形成企業(yè)市場化管理機(jī)制，達(dá)到生產(chǎn)要素的優(yōu)化配置；二是要完善項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理責(zé)任制和項(xiàng)目成本核算制，實(shí)現(xiàn)管理層和勞務(wù)層相分離的管理模式；三是要盡可能運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代化的管理設(shè)備進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目動(dòng)態(tài)管理。它分析研究投資項(xiàng)目成本與收益之間的平衡關(guān)系。中標(biāo)人須對自己提供的研究成果負(fù)責(zé)，并得到業(yè)主 的認(rèn)可。 21什么是項(xiàng)目開發(fā)招標(biāo)？ 這種招標(biāo)是業(yè)主為選擇科學(xué)、合理的投資開發(fā)建設(shè)方案，為進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目的可行性研究，通過投標(biāo)競爭尋找滿意的咨詢單位的招標(biāo)。而在地面臨時(shí)搭建的帳篷、戲臺(tái)等則不屬于房地產(chǎn)。 3） 其他地上定著物是指固定在土地或建筑物上，與土地、建筑物不能分離，或者雖然可以分離，但是分離不經(jīng)濟(jì)，或者分離后會(huì)破壞上地、建筑物的完整性、使用價(jià)值或功能，或者使土地、建筑物的價(jià)值明顯受到損害的物。具體包括以下幾方面： 1） 土地是指地球的表面及其上下一定范圍內(nèi)的空間。 19什么是財(cái)務(wù)評價(jià)： 財(cái)務(wù)評價(jià)是根據(jù)國家現(xiàn)行財(cái)稅制度和價(jià)格體系，分析、計(jì)算項(xiàng)目直接發(fā)生的財(cái)務(wù)效益和費(fèi)用，編制財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，計(jì)算評價(jià)指標(biāo)，考察項(xiàng)目的贏利能力、清償能力以及外匯平衡等財(cái) 務(wù)狀況，據(jù)以判別項(xiàng)目的財(cái)務(wù)可行性。 18施工圖預(yù)算編制步驟是什么？ 編制施工圖預(yù)算，在設(shè)計(jì)交底、熟悉編制依據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上，依據(jù)量、價(jià)、費(fèi)的順序進(jìn)行。 16決策的步驟是什么 ? 1） 明確問題 ； 2）設(shè)立目標(biāo)； 3）收集整理信息； 4）擬定可供選擇方案；