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煤氣化工業(yè)企業(yè)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理研究-文庫吧資料

2024-09-07 16:46本頁面
  

【正文】 [14]。 與第( 1)類有關(guān)的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)可稱為有害化學(xué)品人類健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)或生 15 態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià);與第( 2)、( 3)、( 4)類危害相聯(lián)系的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)可稱為事故性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià),也可稱為事故性災(zāi)害評(píng)價(jià)。本文的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)即屬于后者。 在 狹義上,環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)常指對(duì)有毒有害物質(zhì)(包括化學(xué)品和放射性物質(zhì))危害人體健康和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響程度進(jìn)行概率估計(jì),并提出減小環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的方案和對(duì)策。環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)的出現(xiàn)不但是環(huán)境保護(hù)的迫切需求,也是環(huán)境科學(xué)發(fā)展 的 必然結(jié)果, 是人類思維從末端治理到污染預(yù)防與全過程管理的轉(zhuǎn)變的結(jié)果 [12]。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越大,收益越高,可根據(jù)對(duì)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的認(rèn)識(shí)和把握,選擇適當(dāng)?shù)氖侄危瑢?shí)現(xiàn)收益最大化 [10]。指根據(jù)過去的資料來判斷某種環(huán)境因素變化的趨勢(shì)與其造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失等程度,環(huán)境因素的可測(cè)性為環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的控制提供了依據(jù)。承受的主題不同,時(shí)空條件不同,則風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的含義也不同。引發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的環(huán)境因素,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)以及具體表現(xiàn)形式,都是隨機(jī)的。人類只能在有限的空間和時(shí)間內(nèi)認(rèn)識(shí)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并通過對(duì)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的控制來規(guī)避和防范風(fēng)險(xiǎn)造成的損失,但不可能完全排除 14 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。謝科范 等將 環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的特征 總結(jié)為 :一是客觀性。環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)廣泛存在于人類的各種活動(dòng)中,其性質(zhì)和表現(xiàn)方式復(fù)雜多樣,從不同角度可作不同分類 [9]。 徹底澄清了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)事件的實(shí)質(zhì)是有害性,并用其發(fā)生的概率和后果綜合表 征 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)事件的影響大小,被安全評(píng)價(jià)和環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)所廣泛接受。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)存在于人的一切活動(dòng)中,不同的活動(dòng)會(huì)帶來不同性質(zhì)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),如經(jīng)常遇到的災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、工程風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、決策風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 等。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是特定條件下,在特定時(shí)間內(nèi),某一事件實(shí)際結(jié)果偏移預(yù)期結(jié)果的程度 [6]。法國學(xué)者來曼認(rèn)為,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就是 “ 損害發(fā)生的可能性 ” 。 相關(guān)概念 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)( Risk)存在于一切領(lǐng)域,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的定義最初出現(xiàn)于 1901 年美國 A. M. 威利特所著的《風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與保險(xiǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)理論》中, “ 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是關(guān)于不愿意發(fā)生的事情發(fā)生的不確定性的客觀體現(xiàn) ” [5]。 上述 研究技術(shù)路線如圖 11 所示。 11 ( 4)對(duì)擬建企業(yè)的選址起到借鑒作用 通過對(duì)陜西渭化集團(tuán)環(huán)境 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià),度量了煤氣化工業(yè)項(xiàng)目的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn),有利于新建企業(yè)在選址過程中避開敏感點(diǎn),設(shè)置一定的安全距離,從而大大降低新建企業(yè)的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)后果,有利于企業(yè)的長遠(yuǎn)與持久發(fā)展。 ( 3)提高企業(yè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范意識(shí) 通過對(duì)陜西渭化集團(tuán)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià),使企業(yè)認(rèn)識(shí)到企業(yè)的操作單元、生產(chǎn)過程、儲(chǔ)存場所等 設(shè)施 存在一定的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 具體表現(xiàn)在: ( 1)提高環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)定量化評(píng)價(jià)水平 本文在研究過程中,基本采用定量化的方法對(duì)陜西渭化集團(tuán)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),有利于其他企業(yè)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)過程借鑒,從而推動(dòng)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)定量化研究 ,提高環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)水平 。 目前,我國的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)研究處于迅速發(fā)展階段,但環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)中存在概念不清、指標(biāo)選取不當(dāng)、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)影響認(rèn)識(shí)單一和環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理結(jié)合不緊密等問題。大量環(huán)境 風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 事故發(fā)生的案例 警告我們,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)事故的發(fā)生,往往是由于管理不到位而引起 的 ;事故后果的擴(kuò)大,是由于管理措施的不及時(shí)引起 的 。因此, 通過 對(duì)煤氣化工業(yè)企業(yè)存在的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià) ,提出 相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理措施 ,已 成為現(xiàn)代環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理迫切需要介入的領(lǐng)域。目前,國內(nèi)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)尚處于起步階段,而煤氣化工業(yè)企業(yè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)研究與煤氣化工業(yè)企業(yè)存在的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相比尚顯不足。 煤氣化工業(yè)的原理告訴我們,大量有毒有害和易燃易爆物質(zhì)存在煤氣化工業(yè)的生產(chǎn)、使用和貯運(yùn)中。大量由煤制合成氣合成油、甲醇、二甲醚以及烯烴等產(chǎn)品的企業(yè)已經(jīng)進(jìn)入一些富煤省份的發(fā)展規(guī)劃,擬建的大批項(xiàng)目中煤炭加工量大部分在 200104 t/a 以上,投資多在 50 億元以上,集煤炭開 采加工和化工利用以及發(fā)電于一體 [4]。目前,僅甲醇生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域,國內(nèi)甲醇裝置生產(chǎn)能力缺口 達(dá) 140104 t/a,甲醇的消費(fèi)以年均15 %增長。 而 煤氣化工業(yè)是國際上公認(rèn)的煤炭清潔利用技術(shù),廣泛應(yīng)用于民用燃料氣、發(fā)電 和 生產(chǎn)化工產(chǎn)品等 , 我國已有合 成氨工業(yè)應(yīng)用煤氣化技術(shù)成功案例。近年來, 隨著 國際石油價(jià)格 不斷高 漲 , 迫切需要用煤化工產(chǎn)品替代部分石油,以減少我國對(duì)進(jìn)口石油的依賴 [2]。因此,及時(shí)規(guī)范煤氣化工業(yè)企業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià),建立煤氣化工業(yè)企業(yè)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)與管理體系,通過強(qiáng)化煤氣化工業(yè)企業(yè)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理,降低其環(huán)境事故風(fēng)險(xiǎn),減少環(huán) 境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失,就成為需要迫切解決的問題,也是本文的研究的基本出發(fā)點(diǎn)。煤氣化企業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中可能涉及 CO、 H 甲醇、 H2S、氨等易燃易爆和有毒有害物質(zhì),這些物質(zhì)在生產(chǎn)中存在于生產(chǎn)裝置或儲(chǔ)罐中。其中醇類合成包括合成氣制甲醇、二甲醚、乙醇和進(jìn)一步制乙二醇等;第三 層次是煤化工產(chǎn)品深加工,其中甲醇和烯烴的下游深加工產(chǎn)品最多,是化工行業(yè)的支柱。同時(shí),煤炭又是由多種有機(jī)成分組成的復(fù)雜混合物,是多種化工原料生產(chǎn)的基本原料,隨著化學(xué)工業(yè)的發(fā)展,煤化工已經(jīng)成為化學(xué)工業(yè)的一個(gè)重要分支。 correcting the fault of taking personal risk value as standard in environmental risk assessment before, this paper rises classified standards for risk which apply social and natural risk value. ( 3) Basing on the conclusion of environmental risk assessment and clarifying the responsibility of governments and panies in risk management, this paper uses risk precaution, reduction, early warning and rescue as object to improve the hierarchy structure of risk management which contains from group of workers to government leaders, and also to set up a system of routine risk management and accident risk management, and finally plete response and settlement scenario for emergencies. ( 4) There exist accident risks in coal gasification plan operating which may bring about serious consequences, and because the level of consequences related to the risk value which depends on surroundings of pany, so related factors which influence accidents and safe distance which is measured by lethal radius must be considered thoughtfully when urban planning and choosing an appropriate site for coal gasification pany. ( 5) The result of risk assessment for Weihe Coal Chemical Co. Group Ltd demonstrates that the pany has a high environmental risk, because the storage tank for liquid ammonia is overloaded which may easily cause fire, blast and leakage。 關(guān)鍵詞: 煤氣化工業(yè) , 環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià) , 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理 , 渭化集團(tuán) 6 Study of environmental risk assessment and management for coal gasification industry pany —— Take Weihe Coal Chemical Co. Group Ltd for example Abstract Coal gasification industry which makes crude mixed gas from partial oxidizing raw coal is the foundation, precursor and key point of coal chemical industry, and the gas is the important raw material to produce fertilize, methyl alcohol, ethylalcohol,dimethyl ether, hydrogen. Whereas, our country is lack of oil, natural gas and rich of coal, so it has bee a hot issue to develop coal gasification industry concerning the increasing demand for energy. However, there exist some environmental risks such as fire, blast, toxic leakage in this industry because high temperature and pressure must be applied when coal is gasified, and its products have characters of bustibleness, explosiveness and high toxicity, also the potential risks are caused by transporting and storing huge sum of those products, therefore, in order to reduce environmental accident risk and loss of environmental risk, it is the right time to launch environmental risk assessment in coal gasification industry and establish risk management system. Basing on related researches home and abroad, this paper applies the principle of bining environmental risk assessment with risk management to discuss the methods of establishing environmental risk management system, and also takes Weihe Coal Chemical Co. Group Ltd as a example to analyze environmental risk and put forward corresponding methods. The main conclusions of this paper are listed as follow, ( 1) On the basis of researches home and abroad, this paper first clarifies the 7 relationship between risk assessment and other assessments and establishes a whole set of standards and methods, then sets up a system of environmental risk management which is supervised by government and practiced by panies and finally realizes a anic bination between environmental risk assessment and management. ( 2) Starting from constituents identification, this paper enlarges the extent to identify impact of environmental risk by setting up a system which contains four different levels of lethality, health damage,
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