【正文】 e relationship between the perceived pressure and the implementation of environmental logistics practices and the extent to which this pressure mediates the relationship between managerial values and the implementation of environmental logistics practices. First,environmental logistics practices Different authors have pointed out that the environmental proactivity of firms is manifested not only through the transformation of their internal activities (product design and production processes) but also through the introduction of new practices in the logistics of supply and distribution that link them to other participants (suppliers and customers) in the value chain . A series of environmental practices has been identified or suggested for the management of physical flows that enter and leave an industrial organization, not only in the literature focused specifically on logistics , but also from the perspective of purchasing management or from the more generic and integrating perspective of the supply chain. Transportation is another aspect of logistics with considerable environmental impact . One of the easiest measures to improve environmental performance in this area consists of 長(zhǎng)春大學(xué)光華學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文紙 共 13 頁 第 1 頁 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 裝 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 訂 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 線 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ prioritizing shipment consolidation in the planning and programming of flows . This allows the capacity of the vehicles used to be maximized and the emission of contaminating gases reduced. Another, more strategic measure,or the hiring of rail transport instead of road transport are some examples of environmental actions in this sense. In the logistics of storage, manipulation and distribution, the aspects related to the packing,packaging and bottling of products are the ones with the most impact on the natural we must distinguish between primary, secondary and transport packaging (Livingstone and Sparks, 1994). The first refers to the direct packaging of the product, which the consumer uses until the product is consumed. The second refers to any additional packaging (boxes, bags…)used frequently with promotional aims or to facilitate the bined purchase of several units of the same product. Transportation packaging refers to the packaging used to facilitate the moving and storage of products (containers, boxes, pallets…). Primary and secondary packaging is what most directly affects the consumers’ intention of purchase, and therefore its modification responds more to mercial criteria than to logistic criteria. Efforts in this sense are usually focused on reducing the packaging and using recyclable materials or containers. Second， the role of stakeholder pressure and managerial values In this section we analyze the role of stakeholder pressure and managerial motivation in the implementation of environmental logistics practices. Four research hypotheses are assumption, which turns out to be quite evident for the tactical practices considered in this analysis, has received empirical support for the case of more strategic practices such as the integration of suppliers and customers .It implies that those contingencies that stimulate panies to reduce their environmental impact can also induce the adoption of environmental practices in logistics. (One)Stakeholder Environmental Pressure Stakeholders are individuals and groups which can affect the pany’s performance or who are affected by a firm’s actions (Freeman, 1984). Clarkson (1995) distinguishes between primary stakeholders, those without whose participation and support the organization cannot survive(suppliers, governments), and secondary stakeholders, which affect and are affected by the organization but are not engaged in transactions with it and are not essential for its survival(. media, nongovernmental organizations). As regards corporate social responsibility and, in particular, environmental responsibility,stakeholders demand integrity, respect, standards, transparency and 長(zhǎng)春大學(xué)光華學(xué)院 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文紙 共 13 頁 第 2 頁 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 裝 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 訂 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 線 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ accountability . In fact, the environmental mitment of a firm implies harmonizing environmental performance with stakeholders’ expectations . There is certain empirical evidence to this respect. Although with some nuances, the results of support the idea that environmental proactivity is associated with higher pressures from organizational stakeholders (. customers, suppliers, employees,shareholders) and munity stakeholders (. nongovernmental organizations, social groups),whereas environmental reactivity is associated with higher pressures from regulatory stakeholders (. governments, trade associations) and the media. introduced the distinction between internal primary stakeholders (employees, shareholders and financial institutions) and external primary stakeholders (customers and suppliers) and observed that only the former group motivates environmental proactivity. This result was explained by arguing that the sample studied consisted of producers of intermediate products and had scarce consumer practices in the hotel industry responds to a higher stakeholder pressure. influence as a contextual variable which was measured by two constructs: public interaction, which assessed to what extent ma nagers gather opinions from and provide environmental information to the public。 and awareness of environmental regulation, which assessed to what extent