【正文】 心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為由應(yīng)激源引起的，伴有軀體機(jī)能和心理活動(dòng)改變的一種身心緊張狀態(tài)、輔導(dǎo)：是有關(guān)人員對(duì)當(dāng)事人的幫助和指導(dǎo)、學(xué)校心理輔導(dǎo)：廣義的是指各類學(xué)校中開展的面向?qū)W校各類成員的心理輔導(dǎo)；狹義的是專指學(xué)生的心理輔導(dǎo)是學(xué)校內(nèi)的心理輔導(dǎo)人員對(duì)于前來 的學(xué)生從心理上進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)和幫助的活動(dòng)——內(nèi)容和職能上看（教育和發(fā)展）；對(duì)象（大、中、小學(xué)生）效能看（各級(jí)學(xué)生在心理問題是大量的）——學(xué)校心理輔導(dǎo)的類型有：適應(yīng)性輔導(dǎo)和發(fā)展性輔導(dǎo)、心理測(cè)量：根據(jù)一定的心理學(xué)理論，使用一定的操作程序，給人們的行為確定一種數(shù)量化的價(jià)值、心理測(cè)驗(yàn)：是通過測(cè)量人的少數(shù)代表性的行為，對(duì)貫穿人的全部行為活動(dòng)中的心理特點(diǎn)做出推論好數(shù)量分析的科學(xué)手段、問卷法：是通過書面形式以設(shè)計(jì)的項(xiàng)目或問題為中介收集評(píng)估資料和數(shù)據(jù)的一種方法、觀察法：是在自然條件下，有目的，有計(jì)劃地對(duì)來訪者的言語表情行為及日常生活等進(jìn)行觀察的方法、精神分析法：是把來訪者所不知曉得癥狀產(chǎn)生的真正原因和意義，通過挖掘潛意的心理過程將其招回到意識(shí)范圍內(nèi)，使來訪者真正了解到癥狀的真實(shí)意義，便可使癥狀消失、行為強(qiáng)化法：是教師運(yùn)用強(qiáng)化手段來鞏固學(xué)生良好行為和消除不良行為的一種方法、榜樣引導(dǎo)法：教師利用中小學(xué)生的模仿特點(diǎn)，讓他們通過榜樣行為的觀察使自己收到強(qiáng)化，模仿榜樣的行為，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)受教育的目的、實(shí)況詳錄法：是在一段時(shí)期內(nèi)，連續(xù)地，盡可能詳盡地記錄被觀察對(duì)象所有的表現(xiàn)或活動(dòng)的方法，這種方法的目的是無選擇地記錄被觀察行為或現(xiàn)象系列中的全部細(xì)節(jié)，獲得對(duì)這些行為或現(xiàn)象的詳細(xì)地，客觀地描述。2002年4月自考心理衛(wèi)生與心理輔導(dǎo)論試題第二篇：自考《心理衛(wèi)生與心理輔導(dǎo)》試題及答案最佳答案 P14 Why does the author tell s not to be afraid to ask stupid questions？ The author thinks that many apparently naive inquiries like why grass is green，or why the sn is round，or why we need 55，000 unclear weapons in the world ——are really deep says when you try to get the answers，you will gain deep understanding of the also important to know，as well as you can，what it is that you dont know，and asking questions is the also tell us to ask stupid questions requires courage on the part of the asker and knowledge and patience on the part of the dont confine your learning to ideas in depth with much brave to ask questions even when theres a prospect of ridicule than to suppress your questions and bee deadened to the world around Icons P30 What are the factors to shift the heroworship to the celebrityworship？ The new forms of media——photography，moving pictures，radio and television are the main reproduction of photos in newspapers turned famous people into celebrities whose dress，appearance，and personal habits were widely mented ，the focus of public attention began to shift away from knowing what such people did to knowing what looked shift was accelerated by the arrival of moving 1901 and 1914，74 percent of the magazine articles about famous people were about political leaders，inventors，inventors，professionals，and 1922，however，most articles were about movie the arrival of television，the faces of the stars became as familiar as those we saw across the breakfast came to know more about the lives of the celebrities than we did about most of the people we know than seventy years after the appearance of the first movimg pictures，the shift from heroworship to celebrityworship was GOGO AMERICAN P46 What is the Americans attitude towards time？Give necessary the United States，many people keenly feel the shortness of each are aware that once a day in their life is gone，it will never e Americans believe no one stands you are not moving ahead，you are falling they value time and want every minte to attitde towards time is shown in the fast pace of life in the they do they always seem to be in a find people hurrying to get where they are hurry to eating places for a mea and finish it as quickly as Americans do what they can to save produce a lot of laboursaving devices such as clothesand dishwashers； they rapidly municate through phone calls，telex and and cut down on personal Take Over，Bosn！P62 Can you imagine what did Barret think of when he heard Snyders whisper Take over，bosn？ Becase of thirst，Barret was almost out of rose several times and was a constant when he heard Snyder said“Take over，bosn，he had a strange feeling came to realize he would and must take over the task and be responsible for the long as he stopped others from the little water，they would always have hopes and wouldnt die he picked Snyders gun up and decided to hold off the other from the water until night when a ship saved Are You Giving Your Kids Too Much？ P78 Why parents overindulge their children？ There are several reasons to explain why parents overindulge their fairly mon reason is that parents overindulge their chidren out of a sense of who both hold down fulltime jops may feel guilty about the amount of time they spend away from their children and may attempt to pensate by showering them with material parents overindulge because they want their children to have everything they had while growing up，along with those things the parents yearned for but didnt others are afraid to say no to their childrens denless requests for toys for fear that their children will feel unloved or will be ridiculed if thy dont have the same playthings their friends Culture Shock P94 What are four stages that people go through when they experience situations that are very different from those to which they are accustomed？ Stage one is a honeymoon phase，during which the new experience is perceived to be interesting，picturesque，entertaining，and may notice several superficial differences such as music，food，and clothing，and the fresh apeal of the new experience keeps you feeling interested and you stay in a new envirnment for a while，you move to stage twothe crisis stagein which the shine wears off and daytoday realities sink relationship，you notie annoying habits；in a new country，you find barriers to establishing connections or to learning the language beyond a few polite you stick with the experience and try to deal with it realistically，you will probably move to the third phase： recovery，you learn the systems，procedures，language or nonverbal behaviors of the new environment so that you can cope with it on the basis of some mastery，petence，and ，when you feel that you function well and almost automatically in the new culture，you will move to the fourth phase： The Model Millionaire（I）P108 Suppose you are the how you get to know Hughie Erskine and what you do in return for the pound he gave you when you first am Baron have enough money to buy the whole of day，on a whim I asked my artist friend Alan Trevor to pain me as a had almost finished the picture when a very charming young man walked into his suppose he must have been very sympathetic with me，for when Alan was away a minute，the young