chap_17壟斷競爭(經(jīng)濟學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語)(參考版)
2025-02-22 13:50本頁面
【正文】 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?廣告和品牌的批評者認(rèn)為，企業(yè)用這些方法利用了消費者的缺乏理性，并減少了競爭。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary ? The product differentiation inherent in monopolistic petition leads to the use of advertising and brand names. ?Critics argue that firms use advertising and brand names to take advantage of consumer irrationality and to reduce petition. ?Defenders argue that firms use advertising and brand names to inform consumers and to pete more vigorously on price and product quality. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?企業(yè)的數(shù)量（以及產(chǎn)品的種類）可能過多或過少。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) ?壟斷競爭沒有完全競爭所有合意的特點。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) ?壟斷競爭市場有三個特點：許多企業(yè)、差異化的產(chǎn)品以及自由進(jìn)入和退出。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?提供產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量 信息。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Brand Names ?Economists have argued that brand names may be a useful way for consumers to ensure that the goods they are buying are of high quality. ?providing information about quality. ?giving firms incentive to maintain high quality. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Brand Names 品牌 ?Critics argue that brand names cause consumers to perceive differences that do not really exist. 品牌的批評者認(rèn)為，品牌使消費者感覺到的產(chǎn)品差異大于實際存在的差異。 ?企業(yè)愿意用大量的錢來做廣告，這本身就向消費者傳遞了一個所提供產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的信息。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 廣告 ?廣告的辯護(hù)者認(rèn)為，企業(yè)用廣告向顧客提供信息。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ? They also argue that it impedes petition by implying that products are more different than they truly are. 批評者還認(rèn)為，廣告抑制了競爭。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 廣告 ?銷售很大差異消費品的企業(yè)，通常都把收益的 10％－ 20％用于廣告支出。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 壟斷競爭與社會福利 ?產(chǎn)品多樣化外部性 : ?由于消費者從新產(chǎn)品引進(jìn)中得到了一些消費者剩余，所以存在與進(jìn)入相關(guān)的 正外部性。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Monopolistic Competition and the Welfare of Society 壟斷競爭與社會福利 Externalities of entry include: 進(jìn)入的外部性包括： ? productvariety externalities. 產(chǎn)品多樣化外部性 ? businessstealing externalities. 搶走業(yè)務(wù)的外部性 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 壟斷競爭與社會福利 壟斷競爭可能引起社會無效率的另一個方面是市場上的企業(yè)數(shù)量可能并不是“理想”的數(shù)量，可能有太多或太少的企業(yè)進(jìn)入。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 壟斷競爭與社會福利 ?壟斷競爭市場存在由于高于邊際成本的價格加成所導(dǎo)致的正常的無謂損失。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 圖 3. 壟斷競爭和完全競爭 產(chǎn)量 (a) 壟斷競爭企業(yè) (b) 完全競爭企業(yè) 產(chǎn)量 價格 P = MR (需求曲線 ) MC ATC 生產(chǎn)量 有效規(guī)模 價格 需求 MC ATC P = MC 過剩市場能力 邊際成本 價格加成 MR 生產(chǎn)量 = 有效規(guī)模 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Figure 3 Monopolistic versus Perfect Competition Quantity 0 Price Demand (a) Monopolistically Competitive Firm Quantity 0 Price P = MC P = MR (demand curve) (b) Perfectly Competitive Firm Markup MC ATC MC ATC MR Marginal cost P Quantity produced Quantity produced Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?對一個壟斷競爭企業(yè)來說，價格高于邊際成本 。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Monopolistic versus Perfect Competition ? Markup Over Marginal Cost ?For a petitive fir
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