【正文】 上午 10時 40分 13秒 上午 10時 40分 10:40: MOMODA POWERPOINT Lorem ipsum dolor sit, eleifend nulla ac, fringilla purus. Nulla iaculis tempor felis amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Fusce id urna blanditut cursus. 感謝您的下載觀看 專家告訴 。 2023年 3月 上午 10時 40分 :40March 11, 2023 1業(yè)余生活要有意義，不要越軌。 :40:1310:40:13March 11, 2023 1意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人能把世界放在手中像泥塊一樣任意揉捏。 10:40:1310:40:1310:40Saturday, March 11, 2023 1知人者智，自知者明。 10:40:1310:40:1310:403/11/2023 10:40:13 AM 1越是沒有本領(lǐng)的就越加自命不凡。 上午 10時 40分 13秒 上午 10時 40分 10:40: 楊柳散和風(fēng)，青山澹吾慮。 2023年 3月 上午 10時 40分 :40March 11, 2023 1少年十五二十時，步行奪得胡馬騎。 :40:1310:40:13March 11, 2023 1意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人能把世界放在手中像泥塊一樣任意揉捏。 :40:1310:40Mar2311Mar23 1世間成事，不求其絕對圓滿，留一份不足，可得無限完美。 , March 11, 2023 很多事情努力了未必有結(jié)果，但是不努力卻什么改變也沒有。 2023年 3月 11日星期六 10時 40分 13秒 10:40:1311 March 2023 1做前，能夠環(huán)視四周；做時，你只能或者最好沿著以腳為起點(diǎn)的射線向前。 2023年 3月 11日星期六 上午 10時 40分 13秒 10:40: 1比不了得就不比，得不到的就不要。 10:40:1310:40:1310:40Saturday, March 11, 2023 1乍見翻疑夢，相悲各問年。 10:40:1310:40:1310:403/11/2023 10:40:13 AM 1以我獨(dú)沈久，愧君相見頻。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 靜夜四無鄰，荒居舊業(yè)貧。 ?特別地，許多成本在短期是固定的，而在長期是可變的。 ?邊際成本曲線總是與平均總成本曲線相交于平均總成本曲線的最低點(diǎn)。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary ?The averagetotalcost curve is Ushaped. ?The marginalcost curve always crosses the averagetotalcost curve at the minimum of ATC. ?A firm’s costs often depend on the time horizon being considered. ?In particular, many costs are fixed in the short run but variable in the long run. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?隨著產(chǎn)量增加，平均成本先是下降然后上升。 ?邊際成本是如果產(chǎn)量增加一個單位總成本應(yīng)該增加的量。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary ?Average total cost is total cost divided by the quantity of output. ?Marginal cost is the amount by which total cost would rise if output were increased by one unit. ?The marginal cost always rises with the quantity of output. ?Average cost first falls as output increases and then rises. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。固定成本是在企業(yè)改變產(chǎn)量時不變的成本，可變成本是在企業(yè)改變產(chǎn)量時改變的成本。 ?隨著投入量增加，典型企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)變得平坦，這表現(xiàn)了邊際產(chǎn)量遞減的性質(zhì)。 variable costs do. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?分析企業(yè)的行為時，重要的是要考慮生產(chǎn)的所有機(jī)會成本。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary ?The goal of firms is to maximize profit, which equals total revenue minus total cost. ?When analyzing a firm’s behavior, it is important to include all the opportunity costs of production. ?Some opportunity costs are explicit while other opportunity costs are implicit. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?當(dāng)長期平均總成本不隨著產(chǎn)量變動而變動時，可以說存在 規(guī)模收益不變。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì) ?當(dāng)長期平均總成本隨著產(chǎn)量增加而減少時，可以說存在 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)。 2023 SouthWestern 每天汽車產(chǎn)量 0 1,200 $12,000 小型工廠短期 ATC 中型工廠短期 ATC 大型工廠短期 ATC 長期 ATC 平均總 成本 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. COSTS IN THE SHORT RUN AND IN THE LONG RUN 短期與長期成本 Because many costs are fixed in the short run but variable in the long run, a firm’s longrun cost curves differ from its shortrun cost curves. 由于許多成本在短期中是固定的，但在長期中是可變的，所以企業(yè)的長期成本曲線不同于其短期成本曲線。 ?在長期中成本都是可變的。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 短期與長期成本 ?對許多企業(yè)來說，總成本分為固定和可變成本取決于所考察的時間長短。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?平均總成本曲線是 U型的。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Typical Cost Curves ? Three Important Properties of Cost Curves ?Marginal cost eventually rises with the quantity of output. ?The averagetotalcost curve is Ushaped. ?The marginalcost curve crosses the averagetotalcost curve at the minimum of average total cost. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Big Bob’s Cost Curves Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Typical Cost Curves 典型的成本曲線 It is now time to examine the relationships that exist between the different measures of cost. 現(xiàn)在討論一下不同衡量方式的成本 之間的關(guān)系。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. MC ATC Relationship Between Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Quantity of Output (glasses of lemonade per hour) Costs Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?有效規(guī)模 —— 使平均總成本最小的產(chǎn)量。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Relationship Between Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost The marginalcost curve crosses the averagetotalcost curve at the efficient scale. ?Efficient scale is the quantity that minimizes average total cost. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?只要邊際成本大于平均總成本，平均總成本就上升。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Relationship Between Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost ?Whenever marginal cost is less than average total cost, average total cost is falling. ?Whenever marginal cost is greater than average total cost, average total cost is rising. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。這種產(chǎn)量有時被稱為企業(yè)的 有效規(guī)模。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ? 平均總成本隨著產(chǎn)量增加而降低。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 成本曲線及其形狀