chap10公共部門經(jīng)濟學(xué)經(jīng)濟學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語(參考版)
2025-05-06 18:41本頁面
【正文】 ?The government can either regulate behavior or internalize the externality by using Pigovian taxes. 政府既可以通過管制行為也可以通過庇古稅使外部性內(nèi)在化，解決外部性問題。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) ?受外部性影響的各方有時可以私下解決外部性問題。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?負外部性導(dǎo)致一個市場中的社會最優(yōu)產(chǎn)量比市場均衡產(chǎn)量低。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary ?When a transaction between a buyer and a seller directly affects a third party, the effect is called an externality. ?Negative externalities cause the socially optimal quantity in a market to be less than the equilibrium quantity. ?Positive externalities cause the socially optimal quantity in a market to be greater than the equilibrium quantity. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. The Equivalence of Pigovian Taxes and Pollution Permits Quantity of Pollution 0 Price of Pollution P Q Demand for pollution rights Pigovian tax (a) Pigovian Tax 2. ...which, together with the demand curve, determines the quantity of pollution. 1. A Pigovian tax sets the price of pollution... Quantity of Pollution 0 Q Demand for pollution rights Supply of pollution permits (b) Pollution Permits Price of Pollution P 2. ...which, together with the demand curve, determines the price of pollution. 1. Pollution permits set the quantity of pollution... Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?污染量沒有增加，但污染許可證這一稀缺資源重新配置給對其評價更高的企業(yè)。 ?交易這種許可證的市場將最終形成。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. MarketBased Policies ?Tradable pollution permits allow the voluntary transfer of the right to pollute from one firm to another. ?A market for these permits will eventually develop. ?A firm that can reduce pollution at a low cost may prefer to sell its permit to a firm that can reduce pollution only at a high cost. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Examples of Regulation versus Pigovian tax If the EPA decides it wants to reduce the amount of pollution ing from a specific plant. The EPA could… ? tell the firm to reduce its pollution by a specific amount (. regulation). ? levy a tax of a given amount for each unit of pollution the firm emits (. Pigovian tax). Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ? Pigovian taxes are taxes enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality. 庇古稅 ——用于糾正負外部性影響的稅收。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. CommandandControl Policies 命令和控制政策 ? Usually take the form of regulations: 經(jīng)常采用管制形式： ?Forbid certain behaviors 禁止某些行為 ?Require certain behaviors 要求采取某些行為 ? Examples 例子 : ?Requirements that all students be immunized. 要求所有
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