chap_17壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語)(文件)
【正文】 making exactly zero economic profits. 企業(yè)進(jìn)入或退出的過程一直持續(xù)到市場(chǎng)中的企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)正好是零時(shí)。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 長(zhǎng)期均衡 ? 兩個(gè)特點(diǎn) ?正如在壟斷市場(chǎng)上一樣，價(jià)格大于邊際成本。 ? 自由進(jìn)入與退出使經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)為零。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?在長(zhǎng)期中，壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)企業(yè)存在過剩生產(chǎn)能力。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Monopolistic versus Perfect Competition ? Markup Over Marginal Cost ?For a petitive firm, price equals marginal cost. ?For a monopolistically petitive firm, price exceeds marginal cost. ?Because price exceeds marginal cost, an extra unit sold at the posted price means more profit for the monopolistically petitive firm. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Figure 3 Monopolistic versus Perfect Competition Quantity 0 Price Demand (a) Monopolistically Competitive Firm Quantity 0 Price P = MC P = MR (demand curve) (b) Perfectly Competitive Firm Markup MC ATC MC ATC MR Marginal cost P Quantity produced Quantity produced Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Monopolistic Competition and the Welfare of Society 壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與社會(huì)福利 Externalities of entry include: 進(jìn)入的外部性包括： ? productvariety externalities. 產(chǎn)品多樣化外部性 ? businessstealing externalities. 搶走業(yè)務(wù)的外部性 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 廣告 ?銷售很大差異消費(fèi)品的企業(yè)，通常都把收益的 10％－ 20％用于廣告支出。 ? They also argue that it impedes petition by implying that products are more different than they truly are. 批評(píng)者還認(rèn)為，廣告抑制了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 廣告 ?廣告的辯護(hù)者認(rèn)為，企業(yè)用廣告向顧客提供信息。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Brand Names 品牌 ?Critics argue that brand names cause consumers to perceive differences that do not really exist. 品牌的批評(píng)者認(rèn)為，品牌使消費(fèi)者感覺到的產(chǎn)品差異大于實(shí)際存在的差異。 ?提供產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量 信息。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) ?壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)有三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：許多企業(yè)、差異化的產(chǎn)品以及自由進(jìn)入和退出。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) ?壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)沒有完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)所有合意的特點(diǎn)。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary ? The product differentiation inherent in monopolistic petition leads to the use of advertising and brand names. ?Critics argue that firms use advertising and brand names to take advantage of consumer irrationality and to reduce petition. ?Defenders argue that firms use advertising and brand names to inform consumers and to pete more vigorously on price and product quality. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?廣告和品牌的批評(píng)者認(rèn)為，企業(yè)用這些方法利用了消費(fèi)者的缺乏理性，并減少了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。 ?企業(yè)的數(shù)量（以及產(chǎn)品的種類）可能過多或過少。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Brand Names ?Economists have argued that brand names may be a useful way for consumers to ensure that the goods they are buying are of high quality. ?providing information about quality. ?giving firms incentive to maintain high quality. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?企業(yè)愿意用大量的錢來做廣告，這本身就向消費(fèi)者傳遞了一個(gè)所提供產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的信息。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcour
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