【正文】 ? No children will be admitted unless acpanied by an adult. 無大人陪伴，小孩不得入內(nèi)。 ? Is it history you are reading? ? The oil tanker carries crude oil to a refinery, where the oil is processed. ? There were men in the crowd who had stood there every day for a month. 譯成狀語從句 ? 有些從句形式上是定語從句，但在語法功能及深層含以上卻起著狀語從句的作用，表示時間，地點(diǎn)，原因，結(jié)果，目的，讓步，條件，假設(shè)等。 ? Once was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective. ? He had talked to the vicepresident, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done. 譯為簡單句 ? 限定性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系比較密切，因此可以把主句和從句合并在一起，變成簡單句。 naturally you find her a sylph. 譯為謂語結(jié)構(gòu) ? 將原主句的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)壓縮成漢語的詞組作譯文的主語，把定語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語，合并成一個句子。 ? 翻譯非限定定語從句，這種方法更加常見。 ? A crane can be defined as a machine which lifts heavy pads and displaces them horizontally. ? Congress made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries that received U. S. aid. ? The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor. ? If one object is charged with the same kind of electricity as appears on another near by, the two objects will repel each other. 譯為并列結(jié)構(gòu) ? 有些定語從句與主句的關(guān)聯(lián)不大緊密，或意思比較獨(dú)立，在邏輯上有追述，描寫，轉(zhuǎn)折等作用。 譯為定語結(jié)構(gòu) ? 較短的定語從句比較容易理解與其它成分之間的關(guān)系，翻譯時，可將從句譯為定語結(jié)構(gòu)，“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)，直接放在被修飾詞的前面。 ? He was born poor and poor he remained all his life. ? The train had left before he got to the station. ? Study hard before it is too late. 定語從句的翻譯 ? 五大步驟 區(qū)分主從 → 緊縮主干 → 辨析詞義 → 調(diào)整搭配 → 潤飾詞語。 ? 單詞合并 Tom’s father is dead and gone. 湯姆的父親死了。 ? Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. 植物油自古以來就為人們所熟悉。（判斷句） ? Our price has already been closely calculated. 我方價格是經(jīng)過精密核算的。（被動句） ? Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations. 給了他們兩天的時間來做準(zhǔn)備。 ? It was founded in 1993… 它創(chuàng)建于 1993年 （主動句） ? They are ratified by members’ parliaments. 它們經(jīng)成員國議會批準(zhǔn)。 ? 增減法 增詞法 An American officer slipped on a banana skin. 一個美國軍官 踩在 香蕉皮上滑到了。 ? 英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語形容詞，副詞 He noticed a very close agreement between the two countries on the problem. 他注意到兩國在這問題上的意見是非常 一致的 。 or if the buyer works it out, it is called a purchase contract. Business procedures ? enquiry → offer → counteroffer → acceptance → formation of contract. ? Apply for opening a letter of credit through a bank→ receive a plete set of shipping documents→ check or examine the documents in strict conformity with each other → apply for the modity inspection and quarantine → apply for customs entry amp。 二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（ 7） Sec 6 Sec 4 Sec 2 Sec 1 Sec8 Sec 7 返回 第三節(jié) 商務(wù)流程簡要介紹 next Business negotiations ? The conclusion of a favorable sale contract results largely from careful and meticulous(極仔細(xì)的 。遇到不懂得專業(yè)術(shù)語時，切不可望文生義，要多查閱相關(guān)商務(wù)領(lǐng)域的詞典如漢英對外貿(mào)易詞典、實(shí)用外貿(mào)英漢詞典等，或請教相關(guān)商務(wù)專業(yè)人士。譯文中的一些術(shù)語，比如 exchange 無一例外地被翻譯成“交換”，做到了前后統(tǒng)一，使讀者非常清楚。 二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（ 6） Sec 6 Sec 4 Sec 2 Sec 1 Sec8 Sec 7 返回 此處的譯文，在風(fēng)格上與原文一樣平實(shí)，幾乎都是采用直譯的方式再現(xiàn)了原文的信息，雖然增加了“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等，但絲毫沒有增加任何額外信息，這種增詞、減詞的方法正是忠實(shí)于原文信息的具體表現(xiàn)。 二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（ 5） Sec 6 Sec 4 Sec 2 Sec 1 Sec8 Sec 7 返回 (2) Exchange is the core concept of marketing. For an exchange to take place, several conditions must be satisfied. Of course, at least two parties must participate, and each must have something of value to the other. Each party also must want to deal with the other party and each must be free to accept or reject the other’s offer. Finally, each party must be able to municate and deliver. 譯文：交換是營銷的核心概念。 此處， hit harder than... 的含義為：受到的影響比 …… 要大；have been partly insulated 的含義為：至今只受到部分影響；insulated 為物理學(xué)中常用的動詞，意思是使其絕緣，而 partly insulated部分絕緣則只能根據(jù)上文中的“經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退”轉(zhuǎn)譯為“只受到部分影響”，從而達(dá)到了忠實(shí)的原則。例如： 二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（ 4） Sec 6 Sec 4 Sec 2 Sec 1 Sec8 Sec 7 返回 (1) Western Europe has been hit harder than the United States and Japan. Some relatively selfreliant developing countries, such as India, have been partly insulated. 譯文：西歐受到的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響要比美國、日本大。其中的專業(yè)術(shù)語要對應(yīng)國際通用的漢語譯語，即遵循商務(wù)英語翻譯中一個十分重要的原則 ——術(shù)語對等（ terminology equivalence）翻譯原則。忠實(shí)是指譯文所傳遞的信息同原文所傳遞的信息要保持一致，或者說要保持信息等值。 二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（ 3） Sec 6 Sec 4 Sec 2 Sec 1 Sec8 Sec 7 返回 ? 例如 Balance 和 Insurance policy 的正確的譯文是 銀行余額 保險單 ? more or less clause 在國際貿(mào)易中譯為 溢短裝條款。 不了解相應(yīng)的商務(wù)常識根本無法準(zhǔn)確地翻譯上文。付款方式為：使用保兌的、不可撤銷的即期信用證支付。例如： The bank in Ecuador will instruct its agent bank in the United States to establish a letter of credit. Price: RMB 30 per yard, ., C. 5%, Lagos. Payment: by confirmed, irrevocable L/C payable by draft at sight to be opened 30 days before the time of shipment. 二、商務(wù)英語翻譯的原則（ 2） Sec 6 Sec 4 Sec 2 Sec 1 Sec8 Sec 7 返回 譯文：厄瓜多爾銀行將通知其在美國的代理銀行出具信用證。商務(wù)英語翻譯在內(nèi)容上涉及商務(wù)活動的各個環(huán)節(jié)；在表達(dá)方式上，感情色彩比較弱，使用的成語、諺語、俗語較少，程式化較為明顯。 禮儀套語： ? We shall appreciate your... 若能 ... 我們將甚為感謝 ? Be subject to one’s confirmation. 以某人確認(rèn)為有效 ? We arrange to open an L/C. 我們安排開立信用證 ? It gives us great pleasure to acknowledge receipt of 請接受我方對 ...的真摯謝意 一、商務(wù)英語的語言特點(diǎn)（ 6） Sec 6 Sec 4 Sec 2 Sec 1 Sec8 Sec 7 返回 商務(wù)英語翻譯同普通英語翻譯或者文學(xué)翻譯有很大的區(qū)別，譯者除了要有扎實(shí)的雙語基本功和熟練的翻譯技巧，還必須具備豐富的商務(wù)專業(yè)知識，了解商務(wù)各個領(lǐng)域的語言特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)法。 一、商務(wù)英語的語言特點(diǎn)（ 5） Sec 6 Sec 4 Sec 2 Sec 1 Sec8 Sec 7 返回 (2)The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board. 譯文：如果上述貨物對船舶和（或）船上其他貨物造成任何損害，托運(yùn)人應(yīng)付全責(zé)。這既是商務(wù)英語句法有別于其他語體的一個顯著的特點(diǎn)，又是進(jìn)行商務(wù)英語翻譯的一個突破口和著眼點(diǎn)。 現(xiàn)代社會的商人越來越忙，他們使用的商務(wù)英語，尤其是在商務(wù)信函當(dāng)中使用的英語，更趨于口語化、簡單化，簡單句、并列句的使用越來越多，有時甚至使用省略句，如 Subject to your 你方確認(rèn)為準(zhǔn)； Thank you for your letter dated 7th October offering us Chinese embroideries. 貴方十月七日報盤中國繡制品函悉，十分感謝。例如： (1)This contract is made by and between the buyers and the sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy an