【正文】 ll c。t break ________ while others are speaking. 4) Why don39。動詞搭配 1. add to增加，增進 add … to 把 … 加進 … add up相加 add up to總計，所有這一切說明 1) I don39。虛擬語氣 類別 用法 例句 If 引導(dǎo)的條件從句 與現(xiàn)在事實相反 從 句動詞：過去式（ be用 were） 主句動詞： should/would/could/might+動詞原形 If he were here, he would help us. 與過去事實相反 從句動詞： had+過去分詞 主句動詞： should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞 If I had been free, I would have visited you. 與將來事實相反 從句動詞：過去式 / should+動詞原形 / were+不定式 主句動詞： should/would/could/might+動詞原形 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping. 其它狀語從句 as if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動詞用過去式或過去完成式 They are talking as if they had been friends for years. in order that / so that引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動詞用 can / could / may / might / would等 +動詞原形 Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly. 賓語從句 demand, suggest, order, insist后接的從句中動詞為 should+動詞原形 He suggested that we not change our mind. wish后的從句中分別用過去式，過去完成式和 should/would+動詞原形表示與現(xiàn)在，過去和將來情況相反 I wish I could be a pop singer. 主語從句 在 It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that… 等從句中，謂語動詞用 should+動詞原形 It is strange that such a person should be our friends. 其它句型中 It is time that… 句型中動詞用過去式或 should+動詞原形 It’s high time that we left. would rather所接的從句中動詞用過去式或者過去完成 式 I would rather you stayed at home now. If only句型中動詞常用過去式或者過去完成式，表示強烈的愿望 If only our dream had e true! 十四。倒裝句 種類 倒裝條件 例句 完全倒裝 here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副詞開頭的句子表示強調(diào) Out rushed the children. 表示地點的介詞短語作狀語位于句首 Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs. 強調(diào)表語，置于句首，或為保持句子平衡 Present at the meeting were 1,000 students. 部分倒裝 never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意義的副詞放于句首 Hardly did I know what had happened. only和修飾的狀語放于句首 Only then did he realized the importance of English. not only…but also 連接并列的句子，前倒后不倒 Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it. neither…nor… 連接并列的句子，前后都倒裝 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. so…that, such…that 中的 so或 such及修飾的成分放于句首時前倒后不倒 So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday. as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語 Child as he is, he has learned a lot. so, neither或 nor表示前句內(nèi)容也適用于另外的人或事。 條件狀語 if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that 從句中動詞時態(tài)不可用將來時，常用一般時代替 目的狀語 so that, in order that, for fear that so that和 in order that后常接 may, should, could, would等情態(tài)動詞 結(jié)果狀語 so…that, such… that 比較狀語 than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more 方式狀語 as if, as though, as as if 和 as though引導(dǎo)的從句一般用虛擬語氣。狀語從句 種類 連接詞 注意點 時間狀語 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly 主句表示將來意義時，從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時； while引導(dǎo)的從句中動詞一般是延續(xù)性的； until 用在肯定句中主句動詞是延續(xù)性的，而否定句中主句動詞為短暫性的。從句和主句之間用逗號分開，相當(dāng)于一個插入語，不能用 thatHis mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago. 引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞做賓語時也不能省略。 They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. IV. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別： 類別 語法意義及特征 例句 限制性定語從句 對先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時不用逗號分開。 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. Those who respect others are usually respected by others. III. as與 which的區(qū)別： 定語從句 區(qū)別 例句 限制性定語從句中 名詞 前有 such和 the same修飾時，關(guān)系代詞用 as,不能用 which He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. 非限制性定語從句中 as和 which都可以指代前面整個主句。 2． 先行 詞被 all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時 3． 先行詞有形容詞最高級和序數(shù)詞修飾時 4． 先行詞既指人又指物時 5． 先行詞被 the only, the very修飾時 6． 句中已經(jīng)有 who或 which時，為了避免重復(fù)時 told me everything that he knows. the books that you offered has been given out. is the best film that I have ever read. talked about the persons and things that we remembered. is the only man that I want to see. is the man that is making a speech? 只用 which, who, whom 的情況 1． 在非限制性定語從句中，只能用 which指代物，用who/whom指人 2． 在由“介詞 +關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，只能用 which 指物， whom指人。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分，并與先行詞保持數(shù)的一致。過去分詞一般表示被動或主語所處的狀態(tài)，含有“感到 … ”之意，主語多是人。但是有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可以做表語，多表明主語的特征性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)等，可被 very, quite, rather等副詞修飾。 My dream is to bee a teacher. To obey the law is important. (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主語時常用 ) 動名詞 與不定式的功能區(qū)別不大，然而它更接近于名詞，表示的動作比較抽象，或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動作，有時也可以用 it 做形式主語， 做表語時可以和主語互換位置。動作已經(jīng)完成，多強調(diào) 狀態(tài) We found the village greatly changed. IV. 非謂語動詞做定語的區(qū)別： 區(qū)別 舉例 不定式 與被修飾詞往往有動賓關(guān)系，一般式表示將來，進行式表示 與謂語動作同時發(fā)生，完成式表示在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生 I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. 動名詞 通常指被修飾詞的用途，無邏輯上的任何關(guān)系 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 現(xiàn)在分詞 與被修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生 the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves / the fallen leaves 過去分詞 與被修飾詞之間是被動關(guān)系，表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成 V. 非謂語動詞做主語和表語的區(qū)別： 區(qū)別 舉例 不定式 多表示 一個特定的具體的將來的動作，做主語時可以借助于 it 把不定式移到句子后面。強調(diào)動作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成 I heard him call me several times. have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 現(xiàn)在分詞 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主謂關(guān)系。其形式為： needn’t/daren’t do； Need/dare…do…? 做實義動詞時可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問句。 2. used to和 would: used to表示過去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣，而 would只表示過去的習(xí)慣或喜好，不涉及現(xiàn)在。 Be able to有更多的時態(tài)。 it was so near.（推測某事本來可能發(fā)生，但實際上沒有發(fā)生） Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語氣很強，常用于疑問句和否定句中 ) III. 情態(tài)動詞注意點： 1. can和 be able to: 都可以表示能力。 He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can和 could“可能”， could 表示可疑的可能性，不及 can’t語氣強，用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。 He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there. 2. may和 might“也許”，后者語氣弱，更沒有把握。 must + do(be)是推測現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進行； must + be