【正文】 It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that… 等從句中，謂語動詞用 should+動詞原形 It is strange that such a person should be our friends. 其它句型中 It is time that… 句型中動詞用過去式或 should+動詞原形 It’s high time that we left. would rather所接的從句中動詞用過去式或者過去完成 式 I would rather you stayed at home now. If only句型中動詞常用過去式或者過去完成式，表示強烈的愿望 If only our dream had e true! 十四。ll c。倒裝句 種類 倒裝條件 例句 完全倒裝 here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副詞開頭的句子表示強調(diào) Out rushed the children. 表示地點的介詞短語作狀語位于句首 Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs. 強調(diào)表語，置于句首，或為保持句子平衡 Present at the meeting were 1,000 students. 部分倒裝 never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意義的副詞放于句首 Hardly did I know what had happened. only和修飾的狀語放于句首 Only then did he realized the importance of English. not only…but also 連接并列的句子，前倒后不倒 Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it. neither…nor… 連接并列的句子，前后都倒裝 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. so…that, such…that 中的 so或 such及修飾的成分放于句首時前倒后不倒 So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday. as 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語 Child as he is, he has learned a lot. so, neither或 nor表示前句內(nèi)容也適用于另外的人或事。 They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. IV. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別： 類別 語法意義及特征 例句 限制性定語從句 對先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時不用逗號分開。過去分詞一般表示被動或主語所處的狀態(tài)，含有“感到 … ”之意，主語多是人。強調(diào)動作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成 I heard him call me several times. have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 現(xiàn)在分詞 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主謂關(guān)系。 it was so near.（推測某事本來可能發(fā)生，但實際上沒有發(fā)生） Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語氣很強，常用于疑問句和否定句中 ) III. 情態(tài)動詞注意點： 1. can和 be able to: 都可以表示能力。 如： Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如： I have already read the novel written by the worldfamous writer. (已經(jīng)看過，且了解這本書的內(nèi)容 ) 2) 一般過去時只表示過去發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，它可和表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“過”，“了”等詞。比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加 er 和 est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加 more 和 most。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和 any 修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時， some表示某個， any 表示任何一個。語法網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖 一．名詞 I. 名詞的種類： 專有名詞 普通名詞 國名地名人名，團體機構(gòu)名稱 可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞 個體名詞 集體名詞 抽象名詞 物質(zhì)名詞 II. 名詞的數(shù)： 1. 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式： 名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加 s或 es。 One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請求等。 both和 all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用 neither和 none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四．形容詞和副詞 I. 形容詞： 1. 形容詞的位置： 1) 形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況后置： 1 修飾 some, any, every, no和 body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時 nobody absent, everything possible 2 以 able, ible 結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或 only修飾的名詞之后 the best book available, the only solution possible 3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 the only person awake 4 和空間、時間、單位連用時 a bridge 50 meters long 5 成對的形容詞可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful 6 形容詞短語一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 2) 多個形容詞修飾同一個名詞的順序： 代詞 數(shù)詞 性狀形容詞 冠詞前的形容詞 冠詞 指示代詞 不定代詞 代詞所有格 序數(shù)詞 基數(shù)詞 性質(zhì) 狀態(tài) 大小 長短 形狀 新舊 溫度 顏色 國籍 產(chǎn)地 材料 質(zhì)地 名詞 all both such the a this another your second next one four beautiful good poor large short square new cool black yellow Chinese London silk stone 3) 復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成： 1 形容詞 +名詞 +ed kindhearted 6 名詞 +形容詞 worldfamous 2 形容詞 +形容詞 darkblue 7 名詞 +現(xiàn)在分詞 peaceloving 3 形容詞 +現(xiàn)在分詞 ordinarylooking 8 名詞 +過去分詞 snowcovered 4 副詞 +現(xiàn)在分詞 hardworking 9 數(shù)詞 +名詞 +ed threeegged 5 副詞 +過去分詞 newlybuilt 10 數(shù)詞 +名詞 twentyyear II. 副詞 副詞的分類： 1 時間副詞 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 頻度副詞 always, often, frequently, seldom, never 2 地點副詞 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑問副詞 how, where, when, why 3 方式副詞 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 連接副詞 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile 4 程度副詞 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why III. 形容詞和副詞比較等級： 形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級，比較級和最高級。簡言之，利用過去，說明現(xiàn)在。固定 結(jié)構(gòu) be going to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)時，只需將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)。 The weather in that city could be cold now. We could have walked there。其形式為： need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do 八．非謂語動詞 I. 非謂語動詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成： 非謂語形式 構(gòu)成 特征和作用 時態(tài)和語態(tài) 否定式 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 不定式 to do to be doing to have done to be done to have been done 在非謂語前加not for sb. to do sth. 具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用 在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語 分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞 doing having done being done having been done 具有副詞和形容詞的作用 在句中做定、表、賓補和狀語 過去分詞 done 動名詞 doing having done being done having been done sb’s doing 具有名詞的作用 在句中做主、賓、定和表語 II. 做 賓語的非謂語動詞比較： 情況 常用動詞 只接不定式做賓語的動詞 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen 只接動名詞做賓語的動詞或短語 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to 兩者都可以 意義基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具體的動作，接動名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為） need, want, require（接動名詞主動形式表示被動意義，若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動形式） 意義相反 stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事 stop d