【正文】 ”5．Qi in the human body is derived from congenital qi inherited from the parents, food nutrients the food transformed by the spleen and stomach and fresh air inhaled from。 the five kinds of flavors enter the body through the mouth and stay in the intestines and stomach to produce nutrient substance to nourish the five kinds of qi.” “天食人以五氣，地食人以五味。”3．“the bination of terrestrial qi and celestial qi has given rise to the existence of the human beings.” “天地合氣，命之曰人。（十）氣1．Qi is a conception signifying a rudimentary understanding of the natural phenomena in the ancient times in China. 氣的概念反映了古代中國人對自然現(xiàn)象的一種樸素的認(rèn)識。舌質(zhì)紫暗，或見瘀斑瘀點(diǎn)，脈象細(xì)澀。面色黧黑，肌膚甲錯，口唇爪甲紫暗，或腹部青筋外露。腫塊在體表者，色呈青紫；在腹內(nèi)者，堅(jiān)硬按之不移。 repeated hemorrhage with blackish color and blood clot or pitchlike stool。 bluish coloration if the mass is superficial。nti:]（稀少的） menstruation, delayed menstruation or amenorrhea, lightcoloured tongue with whitish coating, thin and weak pulse.血虛的臨床表現(xiàn)為面白無華或萎黃，唇色淡白，爪甲蒼白，頭暈眼花，心悸失眠、手足發(fā)麻，婦女經(jīng)血量少色淡，衍期甚或閉經(jīng)，舌淡苔白，脈細(xì)無力。14．The clinical manifestations of blood asthenia are pale or sallow plexion, lightcoloured lips and nails, dizziness, palpitation [p230。s?θi:nj?], blood stasis, bloodheat and bloodcold.臨床常見的血病證候有血虛、血瘀、血熱和血寒等四種。11．The function of the spleen to mand blood and the function of the liver to store blood are the key factors in keeping the blood circulating inside the vessel and preventing it from extravasating.脾的統(tǒng)血和肝的藏血等，是固攝血液、防止外溢的重要因素。”9．Since the pumping of the heart propels blood to circulate, it says in Su Wen that “the heart dominates the blood vessels.” 由于心臟的搏動推動血液的運(yùn)行，所以《素問》說：“心主身之血脈。7．So it is said in Su Wen that “blood and qi constitute the spirit of man and must be carefully nourished.”所以《素問》說：“氣血者，人之神，不可不謹(jǐn)養(yǎng)。6． Insufficiency of blood or continuous excessive consumption of blood or hypofunction of blood in nourishing and moistening the body will inevitably lead to such general or local pathological changes as vertigo [?v?:t??g??], blurred vision, pale or sallow [?s230。 with the nourishment of blood, the fingers are able to grasp”.《素問?五臟生成篇》說：“肝受血而能視，足受血而能步，掌受血而能握，指受血而能攝。 with the nourishment of blood, the feet are able to walk?！?．Ling Shu says that “Yingqi separates its liquid, infuses it into the vessels and transforms it into blood to nourish the four limbs and the viscera.” 《靈樞》說：“營氣者，泌其津液，注之于脈，化以為血；以榮四末，內(nèi)注五臟六腑……”3．nourish and moisten [?m??s?n] the whole body. 營養(yǎng)和滋潤全身。13．Blood stasis can be caused either by asthenia and stagnation of qi, bloodcold and bloodheat or by endogenous and exogenous injury or extravasation of blood due to bloodheat. 瘀血或由氣虛、氣滯、血寒、血熱等原因所造成，或由內(nèi)外傷或血熱妄行等原因所引起?！?1．However, improper diet or partiality in diet frequently leads to diseases. 但飲食不節(jié)或偏食?？梢鸺膊?。 grief consumes qi。10．It is also said that “anger drives qi to flow upward。 “anxiety impairs the lung”?！?excessive joy impairs the heart”。8．Since abnormal change of emotions is the major factor causing internal problems, it is termed “internal injury due to seven emotions”. 由于情志異常是造成內(nèi)傷病的主要原因，所以稱為“內(nèi)傷七情”?！?．In the Jin Dynasty, Tao Hongjing also summarized the causes of diseases into three categories, namely “endogenous factors, exogenous factors and others”. 在晉代，陶弘景將病因歸納為三類，即“一為內(nèi)疾，二為外發(fā)，三為它犯。 the second group are the ones attacking the skin and bringing on stagnation of the vessels that connect the four limbs and nine orifices。其生于陰者，得之飲食居處，陰陽喜怒。 while those from the yin aspect are caused by improper diet and living conditions as well as sexual activity and emotional changes.” 比如，《素問》中說：“夫邪之生也，或生于陰，或生于陽。3．During the course of a disease, the cause and effect are often interacting with each other. The effect at a certain pathological stage may turn into cause and vice versa. 在疾病過程中，原因和結(jié)果是互相作用著的，在某一病理階段中是結(jié)果的東西，在另一階段中則可能成為原因。Slow regular intermittent pulse (Dai Mai): Declination of visceral qi, wind and pain syndrome, fright and traumatic injury. 1．Traditional Chinese medicine holds that, with the opposition and unity relationships the body keeps a dynamic equilibrium between the internal and external environments and the viscera and the tissues due to the relationships of opposition and unity among them. （八）病因中醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)為，人體各臟腑組織之間，以及人體與外界環(huán)境之間，既對立又統(tǒng)一，維持著相對的動態(tài)平衡。Rapid irregular intermittent pulse (Cu Mai): Stheniaheat due to exuberance of yang, phlegm, retention of fluid and food。Taut pulse (Xian Mai): Liver and gallbladder disease, various kinds of pain problems, phlegm and retention of fluid。Thin pulse (Xi Mai): Asthenia of yinblood and dampness。Astringent pulse (Se Mai): Consumption of essence, deficiency of blood, stagnation of qi and stasis of blood。Forceful pulse (Shi Mai): Sthenia syndrome。Rapid pulse (Shuo Mai): Heat syndrome (rapid and forceful pulse indicating stheniaheat while rapid and weak pulse indicating astheniaheat)。Deep pulse (Chen Mai): Interior syndrome (deep and forceful pulse indicating interior sthenia syndrome while deep and weak pulse indicating interior asthenia syndrome)。 bluish plexion suggests pain and cold syndrome, blood stasis [?steisis]（停滯） and convulsion [k?n?v?l??n]（驚厥、抽搐）。 yellowish plexion indicates asthenia [230。(七)望診Inspection of plexion means to observe the facial changes in colour and luster. Generally speaking, reddish plexion indicates heat syndromes。17．pale whitish or sallow [?s230。15．Asthenia syndrome, including asthenia of yin, yang, qi, blood, essence, body fluid and the viscera, is caused either by congenital insufficiency or postnatal malnutrition. 虛證包括陰、陽、氣、血、精、津，以及臟腑等各種不同的虛損，由先天不足和后天失調(diào)所引起。9．floating whitish plexion [k?m?plek??n]（面色）晄白10．bland taste in the mouth口淡11． profuse and clear urine小便清長12．interior penetration of heat transformed from pathogenic cold, or heat transformed from extreme changes of emotions, or heat accumulating from improper diet寒邪化熱入里，或七情過激，郁而化熱，或飲食不節(jié)，積蓄為熱。 7．The interior syndrome, usually seen at the middle and late stages of exogenous diseases or end