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Now, Dinah, tell me the truth: did you ever eat a bat?39。Do bats eat cats?39。s very like a mouse, you know. But do cats eat bats, I wonder?39。 (Dinah was the cat.) 39。ll never do to ask: perhaps I shall see it written up somewhere.39。 (and she tried to curtsey as she spokefancy CURTSEYING as you39。 (she was rather glad there WAS no one listening, this time, as it didn39。ve got to?39。I must be getting somewhere near the centre of the earth. Let me see: that would be four thousand miles down, I think39。 (Which was very likely true.) Down, down, down. Would the fall NEVER e to an end! 39。 thought Alice to herself, 39。 it was labeled 39。 (when she thought it over afterwards, it occurred to her that she ought to have wondered at this, but at the time it all seemed quite natural)。without pictures or conversation?39。 附錄 Alice39。 朱永生、鄭立信、苗興偉, 2020,英漢語篇銜接手段對比研究?!锻庹Z與外語教學(xué)》 2020年第 12期。 黃國文, 1988,《語篇分析概要》。 Hasan, R. 1976/2020. Cohesion in English. London: Longman. /Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Thompson, G. 1996/2020. Introducing Functional Grammar. London: Arnold./Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 胡壯麟, 1994,《語篇的銜接與連貫》。這些系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的語義成分一經(jīng)選擇在句內(nèi)則構(gòu)成橫組合關(guān)系( syntagmatic),表示一定的意義,屬于習(xí)慣性共現(xiàn)。 比如,第十段描寫 Alice擔(dān)心 Dinah的飲食,用了 cats… milk… mice… bats… catch… eat。 至于局部整體關(guān)系則是實體的“內(nèi)包”,如 a White Rabbit包括 pink eyes;作為整體的深井( a deep well)里有井壁( the sides of the well),其間充滿了櫥柜和書架( cupboards and bookshelves),又掛滿了地圖與圖畫( maps and pictures)。 而 第九段 中( 17) 39。人們可以利用這種語義關(guān)系使一些詞語相互替代或共同出現(xiàn)。 Alice 掉進(jìn)兔穴的動作: pop down, went down (2次 ), falling down (2次 ),tumbling down, fall off, fall through(2次 ); 表達(dá)瞌睡的詞或短語有: sleepy(2次 ), dozing off; 夢的表達(dá)有: in a dreamy sort of way, began to dream; 表示“看”的詞或短語有: peeped into , looked at(2次 ), had never before seen, look about, look down, noticed, saw(2次 ); 表示“想”的詞或短語有: thought(2次 ), was considering in her own mind, think( 5次) , thought it over, it occurred to her… , wondered at, it flashed across her mind… ,considering, to think about, wonder(4次 ), think nothing of; 這些同義詞在同一語篇中同現(xiàn),不僅起到了使詞匯豐富多彩的修辭作用,更為重要的是通過不同的表現(xiàn)形式表達(dá)了同樣的概念意義,使語段中,兩個或兩個以上的成分從 Halliday所說的經(jīng)驗意義( experiential meaning)上彼此銜接,因此,同義詞的使用被看成是語篇銜接的手段之一。(胡壯麟 1994:118) 值得注意的是, Halliday 和 Hasan( 1976/2020)認(rèn)為只要兩個詞在概念意義上相同、相近或相反,即使詞類不同,也可視為 同義詞或反義詞。比如,本語篇的標(biāo)題為Down the Rabbithole,故事情節(jié)以 fall 和 down為主線,除 Down,down,第十段的段首,互相重復(fù)與銜接外, down 在全文中累計出現(xiàn) 19 次; fall, fell, falling共出現(xiàn) 11 次。此外,重復(fù)也可能是一個講話者對另一個講話者話語內(nèi)容的重述,表明重復(fù)者認(rèn)同、確認(rèn)、順從、或不以為然的語用意義。Do bats eat cats?39。 ( 12) But do cats eat bats, I wonder?39。re falling through the air!中的 curtsey。 ( 9) Down,down,,三個 down形象逼真地描述出 Alice無法控制不斷下跌的過程,突出了她的好奇與無可奈何的心理。(張弓 1993:117118)連續(xù)重復(fù)就是說某個語言成分不間斷地出現(xiàn)兩次或多次。 重 復(fù)是某一個或某幾個詞項在同一個語篇或語段中兩次或多次出現(xiàn),也包括同義詞的使用,條件是指代對象不變。通過連接的使用,結(jié)果句子間語義清晰、連貫,讀起來瑯瑯上口,符合童話小說主人 公的出場與活動的文化語境。s very like a mouse, you know. But do cats eat bats, I wonder?39。 其中 ,第一個 and連接話題轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系,作者及時點(diǎn)評。re falling through the air! Do you think you could manage it?) 39。 第五段中 first…then 是時空連接成分,表示動作的先后。 第二段中, so表示 因果,起著承上啟下的作用。 延伸粗分為“增補(bǔ)”( addition)、“轉(zhuǎn)折”( adversative)、“變換”( variation)。這里所說的連接性詞語既包括句子語法的連詞這類詞類,也包括具有連接意義的有副詞或介詞短語體現(xiàn)的狀語。Now, Dinah, tell me the truth: did you ever eat a bat?39。s about the right distance ⑶ …but you might catch a bat, and that’s very like a mouse, you know. 其中的 that屬指前,指代 a bat。第一個 that 代指 the depth of the well , this指代 four thousand miles;第二個 this指代 Alice 此時的處境; that指代 four thousand miles。 So she was… 上句為所選語篇的第一段及第二段的開頭,句中出現(xiàn)指內(nèi)中的指前現(xiàn)象 she/her反指上文中 的 Alice; it 反指 the book her sister was reading。如: ⑴ Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, 39。指內(nèi)即有關(guān)成分的參照點(diǎn)存在于語篇之中,指 外則是有關(guān)成分的參照點(diǎn)不在語篇之內(nèi)而在語境之中。小說敘述了一位七歲女孩 Alice 在草地上沉睡,夢見自己掉進(jìn)兔穴,身體先是變得奇