【導讀】統(tǒng)計學是研究統(tǒng)計原理和方法的科學。具體地說，它是研究如何搜集、整理、分析反映事物總體信息。它主要是以概率論為基礎(chǔ)，對統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)量關(guān)系的模式加以。解釋，對統(tǒng)計原理和方法給予數(shù)學的證明。領(lǐng)域，稱為醫(yī)學統(tǒng)計學；應(yīng)用到心理學領(lǐng)域，稱為心理統(tǒng)計學，等等。應(yīng)用統(tǒng)計學是與研究對象密切結(jié)合。可以分成描述統(tǒng)計，推斷統(tǒng)計和實驗設(shè)計三部分。對已獲得的數(shù)據(jù)進行整理、概括，顯示其分布特征的統(tǒng)計方法，稱為描述統(tǒng)計。推斷統(tǒng)計的內(nèi)容包括總體參數(shù)估計和假設(shè)檢驗兩部分。實驗者為了揭示試驗中自變量和因變量的關(guān)系，在實驗之前所制定的實驗計劃，稱為實驗設(shè)計。具有以下三個特性的現(xiàn)象，成為隨機變量。我們把能表示隨機現(xiàn)象各種結(jié)果的變量稱為隨機變量。中個體數(shù)目大于30稱為大樣本，等于或小于30稱為小樣本。取值個數(shù)有限的數(shù)據(jù)，稱為間斷性隨機變量的數(shù)據(jù)。取值個數(shù)無限的數(shù)據(jù)，稱為連續(xù)性隨機變量的數(shù)據(jù)。集中量是代表一組數(shù)據(jù)典型水平或幾種趨勢的量。

　　

【正文】 moderation. He or she will elminate from his or her life anything that is extreme or intemperate. The sage will also avoid any excess or wasteful extravagance. And lastly, the sage will let go of thoughts and behaviors that are arrogant or egodriven. 30 The one who uses the Tao to advise the ruler Does not dominate the world with soldiers Such methods tend to be returned The place where the troops camp Thistles and thorns grow Following the great army There must be an inauspicious year A good mander achieves result, then stops And does not dare reaching for domination Achieves result but does not brag Achieves result but does not flaunt Achieves result but is not arrogant Achieves result but only out of necessity Achieves result but does not dominate Things bee strong and then get old This is called contrary to the Tao That which is contrary to the Tao soon ends A minister who follows the Tao, and applies the Tao in advising the sovereign ruler, will never attempt to dominate the world with military power. Those who are in tune with the Tao understand that violence begets more violence. What goes around es around. Those who resort to methods of domination tend to have such methods turn back against them. Acts of aggression will inevitably cause retaliation and counterattack. The use of military power is, by its very nature, an extremely negative thing to do. The thistles and thorns that flourish where the troops strike camp is symbolic of this negativity. When a great army passes the land, an ominous year of famine invariably follows in its wake. Military leaders who really understand the use of force will never do any more than is necessary to achieve a particular result. Such leaders will not reach beyond the goal for more selfglorifying conquests. They acplish the mission without bragging or flaunting. Success in pleting the objective does not make them arrogant or overconfident. This is because they use force only when they have no other choice. They know that military power is the last resort, and not a tool with which to dominate others. In nature, we observe that when things grow excessively strong, they will quickly age and weaken. We say that this is not in accordance with the unhurried nature of Tao. Things that do not follow the natural progression of Tao will soon e to an end. The same principle applies to the use of military power as well. 31 A strong military, a tool of misfortune All things detest it Therefore, those who possess the Tao avoid it Honorable gentlemen, while at home, value the left When deploying the military, value the right The military is a tool of misfortune Not the tool of honorable gentlemen When using it out of necessity Calm detachment should be above all Victorious but without glory Those who glorify Are delighting in the killing Those who delight in killing Cannot achieve their ambitions upon the world Auspicious events favor the left Inauspicious events favor the right The lieutenant general is positioned to the left The major general is positioned to the right We say that they are treated as if in a funeral The multitude who have been killed Should be mourned with sadness Victory in war should be treated as a funeral Strong military power isn39。t something to be glorified. We should recognize it as an inauspicious instrument, the use of which inevitably brings misfortunes and calamities. Violence and aggression are inextricably associated with the military. Thus, it is universally seen as extremely negative. Recognizing this, those who are on the path of Tao distance themselves from it. During peacetime, honorable individuals value the left in daytoday living. The left in this case symbolizes harmony. During wartime, honorable individuals value the right in the utilization of the military. The right in this case symbolizes force. Because the military is an ominous instrument of destruction, honorable individuals cannot see it as a tool that they identify with. It is the last resort, to be used only when absolutely necessary, when there is no other choice. When forced to use the military, honorable individuals will do so with calmness above all, and detachment from emotional turmoil. They do not fight out of anger or hatred, and when they achieve victory, they do not consider it glorious. To them, there can be no possible glory in taking lives. Those who do glorify war tend to be the ones who take delight in killing. Such people may think they have what it takes to conquer the world, but history shows they invariably fail to achieve their ambitions. They may dominate by force but never win the people39。s hearts. Auspicious events favor the left (symbolizing harmony) while inauspicious events favor the right (symbolizing force). Thus, the lieutenant general, responsible for the peacetime training of the military anization, is situated to the left of the emperor. The major general, responsible for leading attacks, is stationed to the right. Because of their involvement with the military, both generals are regarded by Tao cultivators as if they are fixtures in a funeral. Because many lives are inevitably lost in battle, we understand the grief of those who mourn the dead, no matter which side they belong to. The military parade that follows victory may just as well be a funeral procession, no matter which side happens to be the victor. 32 The Tao, eternally nameless Its simplicity, although imperceptible Cannot be treated by the world as subservient If a sovereign can hold on to it All will follow by themselves The heaven and earth, together harmoniously Will rain sweet dew People won39。t need to for