【導(dǎo)讀】A)illustrate解釋theinnate天生的品質(zhì)goodnessofhumans.

　　

【正文】 B) Are there gender differences in prejudice?C) Are there differences in how various racial groups express prejudice?D) What is the role of early childhood experiences in the formation of prejudice?5) In 1908, Hermann Ebbinghaus wrote that Psychology has a long past, but only a short history. Which statement best captures the idea that Ebbinghaus was expressing? CA) Psychologists, like philosophers, have difficulty learning from their mistakes.B) Questions about human nature have existed for a long time, but only recently have the methods necessary to answer them been developed.C) The field of psychology has existed for a long time, but only recently have scholars begun to record the acplishments of the profession.D) Although psychologists have been doing laboratory research for hundreds of years, little of substance has been discovered about human nature.6) Which statement most closely characterizes the current(, 現(xiàn)行的) view of most psychologists toward the study of behavior? AA) Psychologists borrow and blend from different perspectives.B) Psychologists tend to agree that the most productive approach is the biological perspective.C) Psychologists take the approach that plex behavior can be reduced to patterns of simple behavior.D) Although psychologists differ in their basic approach, all agree on the questions to be asked and how theyshould be studied.7) A psychologist who explains a rapist39。s behavior in terms of the rapist39。s displaced hostility toward his mother is most likely to prefer the ____C____ perspective.A) cognitive B) humanistic C) evolutionary D) psychodynamic8) Psychologists who take the behaviorist approach seek to BA) illustrate the innate goodness of humans.B) understand how environmental stimuli control behavior.C) validate the importance of thought processes in human behavior.D) demonstrate the importance of unresolved conflicts and inner forces.9) A teacher wants to see whether smiling at children if they raise their hands when she asks a question increases the likelihood that children will volunteer answers. From the behaviorist perspective, the antecedentenvironmental condition is ________ and the consequence is ________.A) smiling。 raising of hand B) raising of hand。 smilingC) asking a question。 smiling D) raising of hand。 asking a question10) The humanistic perspective in psychology gives greater weight and importance toA) the capacity of humans to make choices.B) breaking down plex behavior into elementary units of behavior.C) how environmental forces e to control the individual39。s behavior.D) the powerful instinctual tendencies that dominate people39。s actions.II True or False 1) Psychologists are trained to describe behavior from their own subjective point of view, making sure to include their own biases and expectations in their observations.2) With respect to the goals of psychology, descriptions must stick to perceivable information, whereas explanations deliberately go beyond what can be observed.3) Psychologists believe that behavior should only be studied in a controlled research laboratory.4) In 1879, B. F. Skinner founded the first formal laboratory devoted to experimental psychology.5) In Freud39。s view, human nature is not always rational, and behavior may be driven by motives that are not in conscious awareness.6) According to the humanistic perspective, people are driven by powerful, instinctive forces, manipulated by their environments, and are incapable of making choices and decisions concerning their lives.7) In the view of psychologists who follow the cognitive perspective, behavior is pletely determined by preceding environmental events and past behavioral consequences.8) Simply stated, the idea behind natural selection is that organisms that are better suited to their environments tend to produce offspring more successfully than those organisms with poorer adaptations.9) Brain imaging techniques have led to dramatic breakthroughs in the field of cognitive neuroscience.10) Clinical psychologists apply the insights of researchers, but are not trained to do research themselves.Chapter 61) In his classic text written in 1892, William James defined psychology as the description and explanation ofA) behavior. B) states of consciousness.C) animal and human intelligence. D) emotion and motivation.Answer: B2) Although you were not thinking about what you had for dinner the night before, when your friend asked you about that meal it sparked the recollection of your visit to a local restaurant and a very tasty spaghetti dish.Your recollection of the dinner is an example ofA) nonconscious processes. B) preconscious memories（前意識記憶）.C) unattended information. D) the unconscious.Answer: B3) In the years prior to the development of Freud39。s theory, it was generally believed thatA) the best way to study the mind was through the use of the experimental method.B) human consciousness was identical to nonhuman animal consciousness.C) humans had access to all the activities of their own minds.D) unconscious processes affected conscious behavior.Answer: C4) According to the research on the development of selfawareness, the youngest age at which children acquire a sense of objective selfawareness is at about ________ months.A) 6 B) 18 C) 30 D) 42Answer: B5) The methodological breakthrough for the study of sleep came in 1937 when researchers began usingA) electroencephalograms. B) experiencesampling.C) hypnosis. D) thinkaloud protocols.Answer: A6) Most of a person39。s sleep time is spentA) dreaming. B) in REM sleep.C) in paradoxical sleep. D) in NREM sleep().Answer: D7) A therapist espouses a Freudian perspective of dream interpretation. When she interprets dreams she is likely toA) not worry about the effects of dream work.B) work backwards from the latent content to the manifest content.C