【導(dǎo)讀】小孩注射這種新疫苗對(duì)公眾健康不會(huì)有多大好處，現(xiàn)在就說(shuō)有好處來(lái)削弱。結(jié)論只考慮了小孩，從大人入手。喝沒(méi)有添加S的酒就不會(huì)對(duì)S過(guò)敏。身有沒(méi)有這樣?xùn)|西。結(jié)論是講對(duì)S的過(guò)勉。而D說(shuō)只說(shuō)過(guò)勉，沒(méi)具體說(shuō)對(duì)S的過(guò)勉。但是MINDFREE舉了個(gè)例子，因?yàn)榻Y(jié)論局限于WOLF。所以D說(shuō)的其他物質(zhì)就無(wú)關(guān)了。

　　

【正文】 y aware of the difference in the likelihood of collisions before the publication of the police reports.[A] GWD9Q40: Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced. B. There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops. 沒(méi)有涉及關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題：時(shí)間 C. Rice and yams were grown as staple crops by the earliest agricultural societies outside of western Africa. D. Kola and okra are better suited to growing conditions in western Africa than domesticated rice and yams are. E. Kola and okra were domesticated in western Africa before rice and yams were introduced there. Answer:A B 取非為 There are some plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops 因?yàn)榧词惯@樣，你不知這些 PLANTS domesticated是在 rice and yams were introduced into western Africa 之前 還是之后，如果之后，則結(jié)論仍能成立。即 B取非不一定使結(jié)論不成立。而 A取非是結(jié)論一定不成立 GWD12Q29: The Earth?s rivers constantly carry dissolved salts into its oceans. Clearly, therefore, by taking the resulting increase in salt levels in the oceans over the past hundred years and then determining how many centuries of such increases it would have taken the oceans to reach current salt levels from a hypothetical initial saltfree state, the maximum age of the Earth?s oceans can be accurately estimated. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? The quantities of dissolved salts deposited by rivers in the Earth?s oceans have not been unusually large during the past hundred years. At any given time, all the Earth?s rivers have about the same salt levels. There are salts that leach into the Earth?s oceans directly from the ocean floor. There is no method superior to that based on salt levels for estimating the maximum age of the Earth?s oceans. None of the salts carried into the Earth?s oceans by rivers are used up by biological activity in the oceans. 沒(méi)有狀語(yǔ) 過(guò)去 100年中鹽增加總量 / 100年 = 每年恒定的進(jìn)入海的鹽量 現(xiàn)在總的海中的鹽量（默認(rèn)初始為 0） / 每年恒定的進(jìn)入海的鹽量（上面求得） = 海形成的最大年齡（暗示可能鹽有消耗，因此是最大年齡） A說(shuō)：過(guò)去 100年中進(jìn)入海中的鹽量不能異常的高（暗示如果異常高的話，每年恒定的進(jìn)入海的鹽量這個(gè)數(shù)值就不能作為第二個(gè)等式的分母）所以是 assumption B說(shuō)：在一個(gè)特定的時(shí)間，所有的河里鹽量一致 ——》無(wú)關(guān)，不 能從原文信息中衍生 E說(shuō)：海中的鹽沒(méi)有被生物活動(dòng)所消耗 ——》文章說(shuō)了求的是最大年齡，因此有消耗也屬于范圍之內(nèi) Lawyer開(kāi)始選 E： 這道題已作過(guò) 2個(gè)多月了，現(xiàn)在再回來(lái)想一想，其實(shí)理解了該題的主要詞的含義和嚴(yán)格遵循所有推理信息來(lái)之原文，就明白為何 E是正確答案， A不是。 1。必要型假設(shè)題有兩類： DEFENDER（排除其他可能性，排除削弱或攻擊結(jié)論成立的可能性因素）和 SUPPORTER（ GAP），顯然該題屬于 DEFENER類 1。 resulting increase 。由于河流的 SALT 流入海洋導(dǎo)致的鹽分 的增加，用這增加去計(jì)算海洋的年齡，實(shí)際就是指海洋鹽分增加的速率，即每個(gè)單位年度的鹽分增加量，這個(gè)單位年度可以是 100 年，也可以使 50 年，原文沒(méi)說(shuō)，我們不知道，反正是個(gè)速率。這個(gè)速率的最大特點(diǎn)是原文沒(méi)告訴怎末計(jì)算出來(lái)，任何關(guān)于他如何計(jì)算出來(lái)的說(shuō)法都是典型的加入自己的想象，這個(gè)最大特點(diǎn)是我們很難攻擊它，因?yàn)椴恢绾嗡愠鏊俾?，不知用那一年的?shù)據(jù)，不知如何加權(quán)以消除偏差。等等。反正這是個(gè)最難攻擊的詞。只有一個(gè)原因，原文沒(méi)給其它任何信息。 2。原文計(jì)算海洋最大年數(shù)的方法： current salt levels （即現(xiàn) 在海洋的鹽的濃度或水平）除以 resulting increase 。因?yàn)槠瘘c(diǎn)是 saltfree state，即零。所以，該題可攻擊的因素只剩下 current salt levels （即現(xiàn)在海洋的鹽的濃度或水平），即 current salt levels 是否能反映真實(shí)的現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該有的濃度，即在該速率下，花多少年所能達(dá)到的濃度。如果如 E 取非所說(shuō)，即有些河流流入的鹽沒(méi)了，則目前的 salt levels 低估了，算出的年度偏小，結(jié)論不能成立。 3。 A 選項(xiàng)攻擊的是速率，但是，它只能可能性的攻擊它，就是說(shuō)，如果用的 數(shù)據(jù)恰好是不正常的數(shù)據(jù)，則能影響它，但也有可能取的數(shù)據(jù)正好。其實(shí)產(chǎn)生這些情況的原因在于原文沒(méi)給任何有關(guān)計(jì)算速率的信息。所以它不能使結(jié)論不能成立，只能使結(jié)論可能不成立。所以不是答案。 后來(lái)他意識(shí)到 E錯(cuò)誤，應(yīng)該選 A： 答案應(yīng)該是 A。 原來(lái)的錯(cuò)誤來(lái)之于對(duì)原文的錯(cuò)誤理解： over the past hundred years 是指過(guò)去的一百年。如果是過(guò)去幾百年，應(yīng)該為 over the past hundreds of years。一個(gè) hundred有加 “S”，一個(gè)沒(méi)有。所以原文的 resulting increase 是指過(guò)去一百年的鹽分增加量，而不是簡(jiǎn)單的過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間段的鹽度增加量。后者的理解導(dǎo)致了我以前的錯(cuò)誤分析和結(jié)論。 SORRY。 原文的主題意思：先算出過(guò)去一百年的鹽度增加，再算出海洋從鹽度為零到目前鹽度需要花多少個(gè)世紀(jì)（一個(gè)世紀(jì)正好一百年）的這種增加量。 算法為：目前鹽度 /過(guò)去 100年的鹽度增加量 =多少個(gè)世紀(jì)從零鹽度到目前鹽度。 該算法的假設(shè)：過(guò)去 100年的鹽度增加量可以當(dāng)作速率，即每個(gè) 100年的鹽度增加量是一樣的或低估了（因?yàn)榈凸?，算出的時(shí)間比實(shí)際大）。 結(jié)論。這種算法可以精確算出海洋最大年齡 A。將 A取非 ，則過(guò)去一百年的鹽度增加量作為速率是高估了，則算出年齡比實(shí)際小。結(jié)論不成立。故為答案 E。取非。有些鹽被消耗掉。如果消耗掉的鹽發(fā)生在過(guò)去的一百年，則過(guò)去一百年的鹽度增加量作為速率是低估了。這樣反而支持結(jié)論，所以不是假設(shè)。如果消耗掉的鹽發(fā)生在過(guò)去一百年以外，則無(wú)關(guān)。因?yàn)椴辉谟?jì)算范圍內(nèi)。 再次為給我誤導(dǎo)的朋友道歉。 GWD13Q22: In a certain wildlife park, park rangers are able to track the movements of many rhinoceroses because those animals wear radio collars. When, as often happens, a collar slips off, it is put back on. Putting a collar on a rhinoceros involves immobilizing the animal by shooting it with a tranquilizer dart. 注射鎮(zhèn)靜劑后才能把雷達(dá)全重新套上 Female rhinoceroses that have been frequently recollared have significantly lower fertility rates than uncollared females. Probably, therefore, some substance in the tranquilizer inhibits fertility. 結(jié)論：鎮(zhèn)靜劑導(dǎo)致低懷孕率 Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? The dose of tranquilizer delivered by a tranquilizer dart is large enough to give the rangers putting collars on rhinoceroses a generous margin of safety. The fertility rate of uncollared female rhinoceroses in the park has been increasing in the past few decades. Any stress that female rhinoceroses may suffer as a result of being immobilized and handled has little or no negative effect on their fertility. 排出他因 The male rhinoceroses in the wildlife park do lose their collars as often as the park?s female rhinoceroses do. The tranquilizer used in immobilizing rhinoceroses is the same as the tranquilizer used in working with other large mammals. GWD13Q38: Frobisher, a sixteenthcentury English explorer, had soil samples from Canada?s Kodlunarn Island examined for gold content. Because high gold content was reported, Elizabeth I funded two mining exped