【正文】
opulated cities,such as Los Angeles and Mexico city,makes them particularly susceptible tofrequent air stagnation and pollution ,例如洛杉磯和墨西哥城的地理位置,使得它們經(jīng)常特別易受空氣流動(dòng)停滯和污積物增加的影響。2)by themselves,measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants,because threshold levels,synergy,and biological magnification are also determining factors測(cè)量的濃度自身并未告訴我們有關(guān)污染物造成的危害的信息,因?yàn)榕R界濃度,協(xié)同作用和生長(zhǎng)放大效應(yīng)都是決定因素。1)most boating associations now urge their members never even to take anything disposable and plastic to sea and encourage ocean liners to follow ,并鼓勵(lì)航海輪船也這樣做。四、課文填空:UNIT13的第一部分(Pollution of streams and rivers)PoHution of Streams and RiversWhen sewage is discharged into a freshwater stream,the stream bees pollution。This does not mean that the oxygen content drop instantaneously。But the potential for oxygen depletion exists wherever there is sewage。The measure of this potential is the BOD, which rises as soon as the sewage goes in。Now follow the water downstream from “Polutionville.” There processes are going on, all at the same bacteria are feasting on the of this action,the amount of sewage in the water is decreasing,so the BOD is going down。 the bacteria consume the sewage,they also use dissolved oxygen,so that concentration,too,start to decrease。 of the lost oxygen is being replenished from the atmosphere and form photosynthesis by the vegetation in the stream。For the first 50km or so downstream, the natural ability of the river to recover its oxygen(process3)simple cannot keep up with the feasting bacteria(process2),so the dissolved oxygen concentration goes down。The fish begin to die,but it is not the sewage that is killing them。(In fact,the sewage provides food.)Instead,the fish die from lack of oxygen,beginning when the dissolved oxygen concentration falls below about 4mg per liter,depending on the particular species。The fish kills start about 15km downstream from the introduction of the raw sewage。In time,as the sewage is used up by bacteria,the BOD goes down(process1),the consumption of oxygen also slows down,and the natural ability of the river to recover(process3)bees predominant。The river then begins to repurify itself。About 90km downstream the fish begin to survive again,and at about 140km the oxygen content has increased to its former,unpolluted level。Of course,if additional sewage is discharged before recovery is plete,as shown in the illustration at 160km,the river bees pollution again。When sources of pollution are closely spaced,pollution bees practically continuous。Rivers in such a condition,which unfortunately can be found near densely polluted areas all over the world,support no fish,are high in bacterial content(usually includingpathogenic organisms),appear muddily bluegreen from choking algae,and,in extreme cases,stink from putrefaction and fermentation。第五篇:專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和科學(xué)技術(shù)正在高速發(fā)展,隨著我國(guó)機(jī)械行業(yè)實(shí)力的不斷提升,中國(guó)正在加速產(chǎn)品與設(shè)備的更新與改造,我國(guó)與其他國(guó)家在各技術(shù)領(lǐng)域也正在實(shí)現(xiàn)進(jìn)一步的合作,許多企業(yè)引進(jìn)了很多進(jìn)口設(shè)備,大量資料是英文原版的。因此,學(xué)生將來(lái)在工作崗位上能否讀懂這些資料就是擺在面前的一個(gè)嚴(yán)峻的問(wèn)題,特別是在生產(chǎn)實(shí)際中碰到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)際問(wèn)題的時(shí)候,很可能需要查閱原版英文資料或與相關(guān)專(zhuān)家用英語(yǔ)交流專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)來(lái)謀取解決途徑,所以機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)的掌握就變得越來(lái)越重要。一、學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)械專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)面臨的主要問(wèn)題,認(rèn)為沒(méi)必要許多學(xué)生對(duì)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)重視不夠,認(rèn)為自己以后在工作崗位上一般用不上,學(xué)起來(lái)又不容易,不想花功夫去學(xué)習(xí)和加強(qiáng)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)方面的能力,即便有專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)課程也是抱著及格萬(wàn)歲的思想,敷衍了事。其實(shí),隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展,各種工作崗位對(duì)人才的要求越來(lái)越高,即使作為一名操作工,也有很大可能要面對(duì)純英文的說(shuō)明書(shū)、加工圖紙等專(zhuān)業(yè)文獻(xiàn),更無(wú)須說(shuō)將來(lái)?yè)?dān)任管理和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)崗位對(duì)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)的需求了。2專(zhuān)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)不扎實(shí)專(zhuān)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)不扎實(shí)、專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)的缺乏是專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)和翻譯的一大障礙。只有既懂外語(yǔ)又懂專(zhuān)業(yè)的人才能適應(yīng)全面的對(duì)外開(kāi)放,專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)一般內(nèi)容較為枯燥,闡述的是原理概念,結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),不注重文字修飾,重在客觀事實(shí);專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯多,邏輯性強(qiáng),理論推導(dǎo)多,有獨(dú)特的文體形式和表達(dá)方式。在學(xué)習(xí)開(kāi)始階段,我感覺(jué)很難適應(yīng)。二、大學(xué)生學(xué)好機(jī)械專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)的方法必須將機(jī)械專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)與英語(yǔ)知識(shí)相結(jié)合。缺乏專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí),翻譯專(zhuān)業(yè)文獻(xiàn)就沒(méi)有了根基,成了無(wú)本之末。也許自己在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中就會(huì)對(duì)翻譯出來(lái)的東西拿捏不穩(wěn),或者自己都不明白,更不能保證對(duì)錯(cuò)了。所以,學(xué)生必須加強(qiáng)開(kāi)設(shè)本課程前的相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí),為本課程的學(xué)習(xí)掃清這方面的阻礙,減輕負(fù)擔(dān)。也有學(xué)生反映,專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)完以后,英語(yǔ)和專(zhuān)業(yè)兩方面都有所鞏固和加強(qiáng),所以學(xué)生要做的仍舊是樹(shù)立信心,保持良好積極的心態(tài)。在專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中,學(xué)生既要鞏固基礎(chǔ)詞匯,也要學(xué)習(xí)專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯,更要注重基礎(chǔ)詞匯的習(xí)慣用法、含義和在專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)中的特殊用法、含義,同時(shí),學(xué)生還需要在識(shí)記專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯的同時(shí),掌握一定量的詞根、詞綴[7]。提高專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)資料的閱讀能力必須擴(kuò)大詞匯量,掌握一定量的專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯。如果詞匯量掌握得不夠,閱讀時(shí)就會(huì)感到生詞多,障礙大,不但影響閱讀的速度,而且影響理解的程度,從而不能進(jìn)行有效的閱讀,還容易使人產(chǎn)生挫敗感。而學(xué)生要想擴(kuò)大詞匯量,就必須在閱讀的同時(shí)進(jìn)行識(shí)記,并擴(kuò)大閱讀范圍。3培養(yǎng)濃厚興趣培養(yǎng)對(duì)英語(yǔ)的興趣至關(guān)重要?!芭d趣是最好的老師”,興趣是學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的巨大動(dòng)力,有了興趣,學(xué)習(xí)就會(huì)事半功倍。我們都有這樣的經(jīng)驗(yàn):喜歡的事,就容易堅(jiān)持下去;不喜歡的事,是很難堅(jiān)持下去的。而興趣不是與生俱來(lái)的,需要培養(yǎng)。必須要用正確的態(tài)度對(duì)待英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí),用科學(xué)的方法指導(dǎo)學(xué)習(xí)。多讓自己去嘗試,通過(guò)努力讓自己體會(huì)成功的愉悅。三、結(jié)語(yǔ)用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行專(zhuān)業(yè)交流是學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)的最終目的。由于翻譯過(guò)程是個(gè)創(chuàng)造性的、從生疏到熟練的過(guò)程,只有具備刻苦的精神、嚴(yán)肅認(rèn)真的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度和一定的英語(yǔ)水平、專(zhuān)業(yè)水平和漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)水平,才能充分理解原專(zhuān)業(yè)文獻(xiàn)的含義,把握原文的想要表述的實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容,運(yùn)用種種表達(dá)手段和翻譯技巧,用準(zhǔn)確流暢的符合漢語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣的語(yǔ)言生動(dòng)地再現(xiàn)原文。所以,為把自己培養(yǎng)成為復(fù)合型、有發(fā)展后勁的高技能人才,大學(xué)生必須把握機(jī)械工程專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí),培養(yǎng)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,積累專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法和基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),加強(qiáng)英文原始專(zhuān)業(yè)文獻(xiàn)的閱讀,擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面,迅速而切實(shí)地提高自己的專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)的應(yīng)用能力,為將來(lái)更好地適應(yīng)高素質(zhì)工作崗位和進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的需要打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。