【正文】 idnight did he go midnight that he didn39。t go until midnight that he went midnight when he didn39。t goKEYS:15 ACDDB 610 DCDBA1115 ACDBD 1620 BBBBC第三章 高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的省略現(xiàn)象在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中，為了使語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔明了，重點(diǎn)突出或上下文緊密相連，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不變，這種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象稱之為省略?，F(xiàn)就英語(yǔ)中的種種省略現(xiàn)象分析如下：一、并列復(fù)合句中的省略在并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。如：a)The boy picked up a coin in the road and(the boy)handed it to a 。b)Your advice made me happy but(your advice made)Tom 。c)Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been)doing her ，瑪麗一直在寫(xiě)作業(yè)。d)Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born)in ，傅彪出生于1963年。二、主從復(fù)合句中的省略1．狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略一般說(shuō)來(lái)省略現(xiàn)象多出現(xiàn)在下列五種狀語(yǔ)從句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；由whether ,if , unless 等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句；由 as ,than 等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句；由as, as if , as though 等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句。上述狀語(yǔ)從句在省略時(shí)應(yīng)遵循下面原則： 1)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，可以省略狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞be，這時(shí)從句中可出現(xiàn)如下結(jié)構(gòu)：(1)連詞（as, as if , once）+ 名詞。(2)連詞（though, whether , when）+形容詞；(3)連詞(whether, as if ,while)+介詞短語(yǔ)；(4)連詞(when , while , though)+ 現(xiàn)在分詞；(5)連詞(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as)+ 過(guò)去分詞；(6)連詞(as if ,as though)+ 不定式。如：a)Once(he was)a worker ,Pang Long now bees a famous 人，現(xiàn)在變成一位著名的歌手。b)Work hard when(you are)young ,or you39。ll ，要不然你會(huì)后悔的。c)He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of 。d)While(he was)holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George thanked China for its important role in the SixParty ，感謝中國(guó)在六方會(huì)談中起的重要作用。e)The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)。f)Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if(he were)to speak。奧林匹克金牌獲得者跨欄運(yùn)動(dòng)員劉翔張開(kāi)嘴好像要說(shuō)什么。注意：1)當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的賓語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，間或也有這樣的省略,如：Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the 。2)當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)是 it，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中又含有系動(dòng)詞be 時(shí)，可以把it和系動(dòng)詞be一起省略。此時(shí)構(gòu)成連詞(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Unless(it is)necessary ,you39。d better not refer to the ，你最好不要查字典。2．定語(yǔ)從句中的省略1）一般說(shuō)來(lái)，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞 that ,which , whom 可以省略；如：Is this reason(that)he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?這就是他在會(huì)上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎？（2002上海春季）而在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞 which , whom 不可以省略。試比較：Tom(whom)you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)你昨天見(jiàn)到的湯姆病倒了。Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.(whom不可以省)湯姆病倒了，你昨天見(jiàn)到他了。2）在口語(yǔ)和非正式用語(yǔ)中，關(guān)系副詞when ,where , 和 why 經(jīng)常用that 來(lái)代替，甚至還可省略。如：a)This is the first time(when/that)he had trouble with the 。b)He wants to find a good place(where/that)we can have a piic during the “golden week ”。c)Could you tell us the reason(why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎？3）當(dāng)先行詞為表示方式的 the way 時(shí)，從句不能用 how 來(lái)引導(dǎo)，應(yīng)該用that 或 in which，或?qū)⑺鼈內(nèi)渴÷?。如：I don39。t like the way(that/in which)you laugh at 。3．賓語(yǔ)從句中的省略1）在及物動(dòng)詞后面所接的賓語(yǔ)從句中，連詞that 一般可以省略；但如果及物動(dòng)詞后面是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列的賓語(yǔ)從句，那么只有第一個(gè)that可以省略。如：a)I think(that)the reform of the renminbi39。s exchange rate is 。b)He said(that)the Antisecession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他說(shuō)《 反分裂國(guó)家法》已被通過(guò)，而且胡錦濤主席已簽署了主席令。2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引導(dǎo)的 賓語(yǔ)從句，可以全部或部分省略。如：a)I know that NBA star Yao Ming will e to our city but I don’t know when(he will e to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來(lái)但我不知道他什么時(shí)候來(lái)。b)He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)他想搬遷到國(guó)外但他的父母想知道為什么。4．在與suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等詞相關(guān)的名詞性從句中，須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式“should +動(dòng)詞原形”，should可以省略。如：Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the ChinaFrance Culture Year(should)last long in various 。5．主句省略多用于句首。如：(It is a)Pity that I didn’t go to Mary39。s birthday party ，我昨天沒(méi)有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會(huì)。6．在答語(yǔ)中，主句可全部省略。如：—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.—上周五你為什么沒(méi)有上學(xué)？ —因?yàn)槲覌寢尣×?。三、?jiǎn)單句中的省略1．省略主語(yǔ)1）祈使句中的主語(yǔ)通常被省略 如：(You)Open the door, 。2)其它省略主語(yǔ)多限于現(xiàn)成的說(shuō)法 如：a)(I)Thank you for your help 謝謝你的幫助。b)(It)Doesn’t 。2．省略主謂語(yǔ)或主謂語(yǔ)的一部分 如：a)(There is)No b)(Is there)anything else ? 還有其他事嗎 ？c)(You e)This way 。d)(Will you)Have a smoke ? 抽煙嗎 ？3．省略賓語(yǔ) 如：—Do you know ? 你認(rèn)識(shí)李先生嗎？— I don’t know(him.)我不認(rèn)識(shí)他 4．省略表語(yǔ) 如：—Are you thirsty ? 你30歲了嗎？ Yes , I am(thirsty).是的，我是。5．同時(shí)省略幾個(gè)成分 如：a)—Are you feeling better now? 你覺(jué)得好些了嗎 ？—(I am feeling)Much better(now)好多了。b)(I wish)Good luck(to you).祝你好運(yùn)/祝你順利。四、動(dòng)詞不定式省略，只保留to 的場(chǎng)合1．不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，這些動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：a)— You should have thanked her before you left.—I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本該在離開(kāi)前謝謝她?！冶敬蛩氵@么做，但當(dāng)我就要離開(kāi)的時(shí)候我卻找不到她了。（2000上海春）b)You can do it this way if you like ，你可以這么做。2．不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，這些動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 ：a)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not ，但他母親不讓。(NMET1995)b)She wants to e but her parents won’t allow her to(e).她想來(lái)，可是她父母不讓。3．不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常見(jiàn)的形容詞有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：— I will be away on a business you mind looking after my cat ?— Not at would be happy to(look after your cat).—我要出差，你能幫我照顧一下我的貓嗎？—沒(méi)關(guān)系，我很愿意。4．不定式作某些復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他現(xiàn)在不喜歡吃魚(yú)，但過(guò)去喜歡。五、動(dòng)詞不定式to 的省略1．主語(yǔ)部分有to do ,系動(dòng)詞 is 或 was 時(shí)，作表語(yǔ)的不定式通常省去to。如：The only thing you have to do is press the 。2．作介詞but ,expect ,besides 的賓語(yǔ)，前面又有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞 do時(shí)，：He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro“independence” “獨(dú)立”的時(shí)間表外，什么也沒(méi)有做。3．主語(yǔ)部分暗含to do，表語(yǔ)中的不定式通常省去to。如：All I want(to do)is go to school and study （做）的就是上學(xué)，努力學(xué)習(xí)。4．當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)不定式并列時(shí)，其后的不定式符號(hào)可以省略，但有對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)不可省略。如：It is easier to say than to ，做起來(lái)難。5．在would rather?than? 等結(jié)構(gòu)中，：I would rather stay at home than go to see a 。6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)省略不定式符號(hào)to；why(not)do 結(jié)構(gòu) 中, 不定式不帶to。如：a)I saw her enter the b)Why not join us ?為什么不加入到我們的行列里來(lái)呢？六．其他一些省略結(jié)構(gòu)1．名詞所有格修飾的名詞，若表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上下文已暗示或明確指出過(guò)的事物時(shí)，常常可以省略。如：We spent the weeke