【正文】 want to ，我更希望我的機器人是一個行動者，但比起象棋玩家，我更希望我的機器人是一個行動者，可以和人類有默契地一起工作。于是我做了我人生中的第二個糟糕的職業(yè)決策： 我決定學(xué)習(xí)一學(xué)期的表演課程。我放下了我的博士課程，去上了表演課。我還參與了一個戲劇，希望現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)找不到那個視頻了。我找到了每一本關(guān)于表演的書，其中包括一本從圖書館里借來的 19世紀(jì)的書。我震驚地發(fā)現(xiàn)我的名字是借閱者名單上的第二個，之前的一個名字是1889年。（笑聲）這本書已經(jīng)躺了100年了，只為了借機器人之名被重新發(fā)現(xiàn)。這本書教演員 如何調(diào)動他們身體上的每塊肌肉 來表達他們想要表達的情感。But the real revelation was when I learned about method became very popular in the 20th method acting said, you don39。t have to plan every muscle in your you have to use your body to find the right have to use your sense memory to reconstruct the emotions and kind of think with your body to find the right , play off yor scene this came at the same time as I was reading about this trend in cognitive psychology called embodied also talks about the same ideasWe use our bodies to think, we don39。t just think with our brains and use our bodies to our bodies feed back into our brain to generate the way that we it was like a lightning went back to my wrote this paperwhich I never really published called “Acting Lessons for Artificial Intelligence.” And I even took another month to do what was then the first theater play with a human and a robot acting 39。s what you saw before with the I thought: How can we make an artificial intelligence modelputer, putational modelthat will model some of these ideas of improvisation, of taking risks, of taking chances, even of making it can make for better robotic I worked for quite a long time on these models and I implemented them on a number of you can see a very early example with the robots trying to use this embodied artificial intelligence, to try to match my movements as closely as possible, sort of like a 39。s look at can see when I psych it out, it gets it39。s a little bit like what you might see actors do when they try to mirror each other to find the right synchrony between then, I did another experiment, and I got people off the street to use the robotic desk lamp, and try out this idea of embodied artificial , I actually used two kinds of brains for the same robot is the same lamp that you saw, and I put in it two one half of the people, I put in a brain that39。s kind of the traditional, calculated robotic waits for its turn, it analyzes everything, it 39。s call it the calculated other got more the stage actor, risk taker 39。s call it the adventurous sometimes acts without knowing everything it has to sometimes makes mistakes and corrects I had them do this very tedious task that took almost 20 minutes and they had to work simulating like a factory job of repetitively doing the same what I found was that people actually loved the adventurous they thought it was more intelligent, more mitted, a better member of the team, contributed to the success of the team even called it 39。he39。 and 39。she,39。 whereas people with the calculated brain called it 39。it.39。 And nobody ever called it 39。he39。 or 39。she39。.When they talked about it after the task with the adventurous brain, they said, “By the end, we were good friends and highfived mentally.” Whatever that means.(Laughter)Sounds the people with the calculated brain said it was just like a lazy only did what it was supposed to do and nothing is almost what people expect robots to do, so I was surprised that people had higher expectations of robots, than what anybody in robotics thought robots should be in a way, I thought, maybe it39。s timejust like method acting changed the way people thought about acting in the 19th century, from going from the very calculated, planned way of behaving, to a more intuitive, risktaking, embodied way of it39。s time for robots to have the same kind of 方法演技。它在20世紀(jì)的時候非常流行。方法演技指出，你不需要安排你的每一塊肌肉，相反，你可以用你的身體找到對的動作。你應(yīng)該運用你的感覺記憶，去重新建構(gòu)情感，用你的身體找到對的表情。即興發(fā)揮，根據(jù)你的場景搭檔即興表演。這個時候我也正讀到 認(rèn)知心理學(xué)關(guān)于具身認(rèn)知的東西，這也談到同樣的觀點—— 即我們用我們的身體思考，我們并不是用大腦思考用身體表現(xiàn)，而是我們的身體反饋給大腦 并做出相應(yīng)的動作，這對我好像一道閃電。我馬上回了我的辦公室。我寫了這篇論文，從來也沒發(fā)表過，叫做《人工智能的表演課》。我甚至花了一個月的時間 去做當(dāng)時第一部由人類和機器人 一起主演的戲劇。你之前看到的演員和機器人的表演就是這部戲劇。當(dāng)時我就想： 我們怎樣可以做出這樣的人工智能模型—— 計算機、計算機模型等等，它們會即興發(fā)揮、會冒險、甚至?xí)稿e。它可能會是更好的機器人隊友。因此我花了很多時間去研究這些模型，我還在幾個機器人身上做了試驗。這里你可以看到一個早期的例子，這個機器人試圖運用具身人工智能 來盡量模仿我的動作，就好像一個游戲。我們來看一下。你可以看到我可以糊弄它。有點像你可能看到的演員們 互相模仿對方 只為了找到他們之間的默契。然后，我又做了另外一個實驗，我從大街上拉人來使用這個機器人臺燈，試驗具身人工智能。其實，同樣的機器人我用了兩個大腦，機器人就是你看到的這個臺燈，我給了它兩個大腦。對一半的人，我放入了一個傳統(tǒng)的、機械計算的大腦。它會等，會分析，會計劃，我們暫且稱它為“會計算的大腦”。給另一半人則是那個舞臺演員、愛冒險的大腦，我們暫且稱它為“愛冒險的大腦”，有的時候它在并不知道所有事情的時候行動，有的時候它會犯錯然后去糾正。我讓他們完成一項無比乏味的任務(wù)，這個任務(wù)要花近20分鐘，他們必須一起合作完成，有點類似在工廠工作，機械地重復(fù)一件事情。我發(fā)現(xiàn)人們非常喜歡 那個“愛冒險的機器人”。他們覺得它非常聰明，非常忠心，是一個很好的團隊成員，一起幫助團隊成功。他們甚至稱它為“他”和“她”，而另外那些人稱那個“會計算的機器人”為“它”，沒有人稱它為“他”或“她”。任務(wù)完成后，那些與“會冒險的大腦”互動的人說： “最后，我們成了好朋友，還在腦內(nèi)舉手擊掌了?！?不管那是啥意思……（笑聲）聽上去很…（口齒不清）然而，那些與“會計算的大腦”互動的人 則說“它就像一個懶徒弟，只做最基本的?！?這基本上和同人對機器人期待一樣，所以我有些驚訝，比起那些機器人研究專家，人們居然對機器人有更高的期望。但從另一個角度，我又想，也許就像方法演技改變了 19世紀(jì)人們思考表演的方式一樣，是時間改變這種通過精確計算的 行為方式，而轉(zhuǎn)向一種更直覺的、冒險的、用身體表現(xiàn)的行為方式。也許類似的 機器人革命時間到了。A few years later, I was at my next research job at Georgia Tech in Atlanta, and I was working in a group dealing with robotic I thought, music, that39。s the perfect place to look at teamwork, coordination, timing, improvisationand we just got this robot playing , for everybody who was like me, it was this huge, wooden , when I was looking at this, I looked at other works in humanrobot improvisationyes, there are other works in humanrobot improvisationand they were also a little bit like a chess human would play, the robot would analyze what was played, would improvise their own , this is what musicians called a call and response interaction, and it also fits very well, robots and artificial I thought, if I use the same ideas I used in the theater play and in the teamwork studies, maybe I can make the robots jam together like a 39。s riffing off each other, nobody is stopping it for a so, I tried to do the same things, this time with music, where the robot doesn39。t really know what it39。s about to just sort of moves its body and uses opportunities to play, And does what my jazz teacher when I was 17 taught said, when you improvise, sometimes you don39。t know what you39。re doing and you39。re still doing so I tried to