【正文】 ，往往提出使 用“暗傭”。“暗扣”是指當(dāng)事人出于各種考慮，對折扣雖已達成協(xié)議，卻不在合同價格 條款中表示出來，折扣的金額由一方當(dāng)事人按約定另行支付。答：傭金的支付要根據(jù)中間商提供服務(wù)的性質(zhì)和內(nèi)容而定。支付方法有 兩種：（1）交易達成時就向中間商支付傭金。（2）賣方收到全部貨款后，再另行支付傭金。第一種情況下，雖交易已達成，但萬一合同無法履行，委托人仍要向 中間商支付傭金。第二種情況對委托人比較有利。為避免誤解、除要明確規(guī)定委 托人與中間商之間權(quán)利與義務(wù)之外，委托人最好事先與傭金商達成書面協(xié)議，明 確規(guī)定出支付傭金的方法。通常傭金可在合同履行后逐筆支付，也可按月、季、半年，甚至一年匯總支 付。折扣的支付一般可在買方支付貨款時預(yù)先扣除，或采用“暗扣”、“回扣”的 方法。答：（1）明確規(guī)定作價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。規(guī)定作價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可減少非固定價格條款給合 同帶來的不穩(wěn)定因素，消除雙方在價格方面的矛盾。（2）謹(jǐn)慎選擇作價時間。它可使出口方安全收匯，保證合同順利履行。時 間的確定可分為裝船前作價、裝船時作價、裝船后作價三種。（3）充分考慮采用非固定價格對合同成立的影響。在實際業(yè)務(wù)中，商品具體價格可以不在合同中規(guī)定，只規(guī)定作價辦法或原則，合同即為有效成立。因此 在采用非固定價格時應(yīng)盡可能將作價方法訂得明確具體。答：我國進出口商品的作價原則是，在貫徹平等互利的原則下，根據(jù)國 際價格水平，結(jié)合國別（地區(qū)）政策，按我方的經(jīng)營意圖確定適當(dāng)?shù)膬r格。答：出口成本價格是企業(yè)以出口總成本為基礎(chǔ)計算出來的單位成本價格。它與出口成交價格的主要區(qū)別在于出口成本價格并不涉及有關(guān)國外的任何費用； 而出口成交價格則可能包括單位商品的國外費用，如國外運費、保險費、傭金等。答：（1）明確規(guī)定作價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。為減少非固定價格條款給合同帶來的不穩(wěn) 定因素，消除雙方在作價方面的矛盾，明確訂立作價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是一個重要的必不可少 的前提。（2）謹(jǐn)慎選擇作價時間。在采用非固定價格時，作價時間的規(guī)定非常重要，為了使出口方安全收匯，保證合同順利履行，應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎選擇作價時間。（3）充分考慮采用非固定價格對合同成立的影響。答：（1）合理地確定商品的單價，防止偏高或偏低。（2）根據(jù)船源、貨源等實際情況，選擇適當(dāng)?shù)馁Q(mào)易術(shù)語。（3）爭取選擇有利的計價貨幣，必要時可加訂保值條款。（4）靈活運用各種不同的作價辦法，避免承擔(dān)價格變動的風(fēng)險。（5）參照國際貿(mào)易的習(xí)慣做法，注意傭金和折扣的合理運用。（6）如交貨品質(zhì)、交貨數(shù)量有機動幅度或包裝費用另行計價時，應(yīng)一并訂 立機動部分作價和包裝費計價的基本辦法。（7）單價中的計量單位、計價貨幣和港口名稱，必須書寫清楚，以利于合 同的履行。V、計算題解：出口總成本＝4000（1＋15％）＝4600（人民幣元）出口外匯凈收入＝1000－（80＋10＋10003％）＝880（美元）出口換匯成本＝4600247。880≈（人民幣元/美元）解：CIFC3％紐約價＝（500＋60）247。（1－％－3％）≈（美元）解：fob 中國岸價＝1000（1－％）－75＝（美元）解：CFRC4％價＝1000247。（1－4％）≈（美元）解：出口方單位商品凈收入＝1000（1－2％）＝980（美元）解：按題意可知P0＝100 萬，A＝20％，B＝50％，C＝30％，M＝110，M0＝100，W＝112，W0＝100 則最終價格P＝100（20％＋50％110/100＋30％112/100）＝（萬 美元） or false 1.(F)2.(F)3.(T)4.(T)5.(F)6.(T)7.(T)8.(F)9.(T)10.(F)__Chapter9 where the goods are to be unloaded must be decided and confirmed by the buyer at least 48 hours before the ship arrives at the first optional a letter of indemnity is issued by the shipper to the shipping pany in exchange for a cleanonboard shipped bill of according to article 23 of the UCP ,” IF A Credit calls for a bill of lading covering a port to port shipment, banks will, unless otherwise stipulated in Credit, accept a document, however named, which ??contains no indication that it is subject to a charter party ??” dispatch money is an amount paid by the shipowner to the shipper for the shipper?s quicker loading and unloading of the the following questions in English(Omitted) the following questions briefly according to what you have learnt in this is also called shipping by chartering is a freightcarrying vessel which has no regular route or fixed schedule of is first in one trade and then in another, always seeking those ports where there is a demand at the moment for shipping shipper charters the ship from the shipowner and uses it to carry the falls into 3 kinds: voyage charter, time charter and demise time of delivery refers to the time limit during which the seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place by the agreed are the following ways to stipulate the time of delivery in the stipulate the time of delivery we have to pay attention to the followings:(1)The shipment date should be made in such a manner that it facilitates the seller and enables the seller to effect shipment on time and perform the relevant obligations stipulated in the instance, the seller should be given a period of reasonable time for arranging the supply of the contracted goods.(2)Different shipment period should be fixed, based on the availability of shipping space, for contracted goods of different unreasonable short time for shipment shall cause no little inconvenience to the seller.(3)According to the relevant stipulations of(Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits): Expressions such as “prompt”。“immediately”, “assoon as possible” and the like should not be they are used banks will disregard them.(4)Unless otherwise stipulated in the credit, the expression “shipment” used instipulating an earliest and/or a latest shipment date will be understood to include the expressions “ loading on board”, “dispatch”, “accepted for carriage”, “flight date”, “date of post receipt”, ”date of pickup“ and in the case of a credit calling for or allowing a multimodal transport document the expression “taking in charge”.(5)If the expression “on or about” and similar expressions are used, banks willinterpret them as a stipulation that shipment is to be made during the period from the five days before to five days after the specified date, both end days words “to”, “until”, “till”, “from” and words of similar expressions applied to any date or period in the credit referring to shipment will be understood to include the date word “after” will be understood to exclude the date term “first half”, “second half” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 15th, and the 16th to the last day of such month, all dates terms “beginning”, “middle”, or “end” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 10th, the 11th to the 20th39。, and the 21st to the last day of such month, all dates Bill of Lading has three important is a receipt for goods signed by the shipping pany and given to the shippers。 is also evidence of a contract of carriage between the shipping pany and addition, is a document of title because the legal owner of the Bill of Lading is the owner of the this reason the Bill of Lading can be used to transfer the goodsfrom one owner to another.“When the exporters plete it, they can write the buyer?s name in the space, “consignee”.This means the consignee is the legal owner of the goods, as named on Bill of the exporters can write “to other” in theconsignee “to order” they write the name and address of the the agent in the importing country can endorse the bill to the this way the importers can transfer the consignment to their means that there has to be a separate Bill of Lading for each consignee and several consignments can not be consolidated on to one are several types of Bills of Lading which are categorized in different ways.(1).On board B/L and received for ship