【正文】 分 “ 明傭 ” 和 “ 暗傭 ” 兩種。前者在合同中標明 “ 傭金 ” 字樣，并規(guī)定某一百分比。而后者不標志百分比，甚至也不出現 “ 傭金 ” 字樣。但不管何種方式，只要含有傭金，商品的價格就肯定要高。 (2） 傭金規(guī)定方法 。凡價格中含有傭金的稱之為含傭價。一般用文字表示，如 “ 每公噸 3 500美元 CIF 倫敦包括 2％傭金 ” ，（ . $3500per M/T CIF London including 2% Commission）。 也有一些合同中采用簡寫方式，如 “ 每公噸 2023美元 CIF C 2% 倫敦 ” （ .$2023 per M/T CIF C 2% London）。 傭金也可以用絕對數字表示，如 “ 每公噸付傭金 100美元 ” 等等。凡在價格中不含傭金或折扣的稱為凈價（ Net Price）。 (3) 傭金的計算 。 以 CIF成交，就以 CIF價來乘以傭金得出傭金數。若以 FOB為基數，則在 CIF成交情況下，扣除運費、保險費后再計算傭金。如果已知凈價，則含傭價的計算公式為：含傭價 =凈價 / （ 1傭金率） 返回目錄 2) 折扣的運用 （ 1）折扣的種類。 在國際貿易中，除為鼓勵買方積極購買而給與的一般交易折扣（ Trade Discount） 外，還有現金折扣（ Cash Discount）、 數量折扣（ Quantity Discount）、 季節(jié)折扣（ Seasonal Discount）、 特別折扣（ Special Discount） 等等。此外與傭金相同，折扣也有 “ 明扣 ” 與 “ 暗扣 ” 之分。 （ 2）折扣的規(guī)定。 折扣一般也用文字表示，如 “ 每公噸 500美元 CIF 倫敦 含 2％折扣 ” ，（ . 500per M/T CIF London including 2% Discount） 返回目錄 合同中價格條款的規(guī)定 合同中價格條款一般包括商品的單價和總值兩項基本內容。商品單價包括：計量單位、單位價格金額、計價貨幣和價格術語四個部分。 如 “ 每公噸 200美元 CII倫敦傭金 5% (.$200 per M／ T CIFC5% LONDON)。 總值是指單價與成交商品數量的乘積，即一筆交易的總金額。 返回目錄 第四章 國際貨物運輸 Transportation 第一節(jié) 運輸方式 (Methods of the delivery) 第二節(jié) 裝運條款 (shipment clause) 第三節(jié) 運輸單據 (shipping documents) 返回目錄 一、 Ocean Transport 海洋運輸 (一 )Liner transport 班輪運輸 features of liners usually include: 班輪運輸的特點 ⑴ The liner has a regular line, port, timetable and paratively fixed freight. ⑵ The kinds and quantities of the goods carried by the liner are very flexible, and the liner can ensure delivery quality. 第一節(jié) 運輸方式 (Methods of the delivery) 返回目錄 ⑶ The carrier is responsible for loading and unloading operation, ., gross term. ⑷ The B/L drawn by the shipping pany is the shipping contract between the carrier and the consignor. The rights and obligations of the carrier and the consignor are based on the B/L drawn by the shipping pany. 返回目錄 (The liner freight) The liner freight is charged according to Liner?s Freight Tariff. The liner freight includes basic freight and surcharges. The basic freight is charged according to the standard of Liner?s Freight Tariff. The basic standards for calculating freight are stipulated as follows: ? Gross weight, ., weight ton, which indicated by“ W” in the tariff. 返回目錄 ⑴ Volume, ., measurement ton, which is indicated by“ M ” in the tariff. ⑵ Gross weight or volume weight, choosing the higher rate between the two, which is indicated by “W/M” in the tariff. ⑶ The value of the cargo, ., a certain percentage of FOB price which is indicated “. ” in the tariff. ⑷ Gross weight or volume or ., ., choosing the highest rate of the three, which is indicated by“W/M ”or“ . 返回目錄 ? Gross weight or volume, and then plus a certain percentage of ., which is indicated by “ W/M ” plus“ . ” . ? The number of the cargo. ? The temporary agreement entered into between the ship owner and the consignor. The main surcharges are as follows ? Extra charges on heavy lifts ? Extra charges on over lengths 返回目錄 ● Additional on Optional Discharging Port. ● Additional on direct The formula of calculating the liner freight is: F=Fb+∑s=fQ+f(s1+s2+…… +sn)Q=fQ(1+s1+s2+…… +sn) Fb_______ basic freight ∑s______surcharges f_______the rate of the basic freight Q_______freight ton s__________the rate of the surcharge 返回目錄 (二 ) Tramp(Shipping by chartering) 租船運輸 It means a freightcarrying vessel which has no regular route or schedule of sailings or port or freight. The shipper charters ship from the shipowner and uses it to carry the goods. It falls into 3 kinds: Charter:程租船運輸 It includes single voyage charter, return voyage charter, successive voyage charter and contract. 返回目錄 Charter: 期租 The charterer charters the ship for a period of time during which the ship is deployed and managed by the charterer Charter: 光船租船 The shipowner only provide s the charterer with a bareboat, the charterer shall employ the crew by himself. 返回目錄 (三 )The differences between the tramp and time charter: 期租和程租船的區(qū)別 charter: the charterer charters the ship by the voyage。r Time charter: the charterer charters the ship by the time. Their contracts are also different. charter: The shipowner not only manages the ship but also is responsible for driving, sailing and transportation of the goods. 返回目錄 Time charter: The shipowner is responsible for the ship?s maintenance, repair and crew?s wages。 but transportation of the goods, loading and unloading the goods are borne by the charterer. 3. Voyage charter: the freight is charged according to the quantities of the goods shipped and the contract shall stipulate time of shipment or rate of shipment。 Time charter: the freight is charged according to the period of time and the contract doesn?t have to stipulate time of shipment. 返回目錄 二、 Railway Transport鐵路運輸 １、 Railway transport at home。 國內鐵路運輸 ２、 International railway through transport: 國際多式聯運 The goods belong to the export country shall be transported to the place of destination with a railway bill of lading issued at the place of dispatch. During the delivery, the railway department is responsible for transportation and the consignor and consignee don?t have to care for it. 返回目錄 三 、 Air Transport航空運輸 1. Scheduled Airline 2. Chartered Carrier 3. Consolidation 4. Air Express service 四、 Combined Transport 聯合運輸 返回目錄 第二節(jié) 裝運條款（ Shipment Clause） 一 、 Time of shipment: 裝運時間 (一 )Time of delivery and time of shipment 交貨時間和裝運期 (二 )Ways of stipulating the time of