【導(dǎo)讀】專業(yè)：英語(yǔ)（翻譯）班級(jí)：06英二。學(xué)生姓名：臧顏平學(xué)號(hào)：06070228

　　

【正文】 er example is “There has appeared a recession in some western countries.” “The economic crises” here is lightly mentioned as recession. As regards to relief, examples such as “Many blacks have to live on welfare benefits after they get sacked” transformed the pension here into benefits. By deploying such euphemisms, on one hand, governments could save their faces。 on the other hand, people will feel themselves being supported so that the political stability will be remained. Functions of English euphemism for military affairs Generally, the euphemisms used in terms of military affairs cover the intensions to conceal the guilty essence of war or other bad acts. For example, aggressions are called “international armed conflict” and “air attack” has other names like “air support” or “air strike”. In American, the Defense Department was used to be named War Department. During the Gulf War, America’s most important ally British army was frequently mistakenly attacked by the . Army. Whereas the . Army titled this kind of 10 attack “friendly fire” or “accidental delivery of ordnance” in order to keep the fine relationship with British army in the future. Functions of English euphemism for others Euphemisms are also widely used in some other fields such as people’s calling of jobs and merce. Currently in Englishspeaking countries people would like to use beautician, tree surgeon/landscape architect, shoe rebuilder and meat technologist rather than hairdresser, gardener, shoemaker and butcher. And also the job funeral undertaker is altered by the more gracious ones such as mortician or grief therapist. One more typical pattern is the prettification of the grade of the passenger39。s room in airplanes. Nowadays the previous first class has changed into deluxe class and the second class was lift up to the first class. As to the third class, the airline panies gave it a better name of business class or tourist class. Thus passengers from each class could all obtain the satisfaction of esteem. Generally speaking, the cosmetic function of euphemisms is often carried out in diplomatic fields or some other formal occasions. According to the Defensive Principle and Face Theory, people often minimize bad things and maximize fine things. This makes the munication more smoothly. 5. The effects of euphemism application To plete munication successfully, for speakers, euphemism application is very important. Due to the features of universality, connotation and politeness, euphemisms act as a kind of lubricant during munication. Therefore, the following effects caused by euphemisms help a lot to ensure the smooth process of the talking. Firstly, euphemisms application results in forting effects. The forting effect of euphemism reflects in two facets: on one hand, with a kind and friendly attitude, the speakers would like to minimize the hurt or embarrassment of the listeners. On the other hand, euphemism contains the hope of forting the speakers 11 themselves and protecting them from the hurt and embarrassment. In this occasion, the munication could continue to the end. Secondly, euphemism application results in plimentary effects. Leech’s Politeness Principle is another important rule for munication. It explains to us why people do not always talk directly but imply their meanings. Due to the selfesteem of humanbeings, more pliments and less criticism make the speakers politer and adorable. Just like the liftup words (those words to praise listeners) used in education and jobs in English euphemisms help to achieve such aims. Thirdly, the euphemism application results in palliative effects. During the munication, dispute often occurs. In such cases, euphemism plays a critical role of dealing with the disputes. Moreover, the cosmetic function of English application is also another reason to realize the palliation. That is why diplomats, governors and businessmen are always outstanding producers of euphemisms. Conclusion Euphemism is an appropriate language form to achieve an ideal municative effect in the social munications. English euphemisms have various origins such as the religious origin, the racial and national origins and the historical and political origins. They are also widely used in people’s social life. Based on the Politeness Principle, the Defensive principle and the Face Theory of euphemism application, euphemism is considered as a kind of lubricant which could make people’s munication much more harmonious and easier. Euphemisms make the speaker more friendly, modest and considerate because of the evasive function, the polite function and the cosmetic function. As a result, euphemism application has fine effects and help a lot in people’s munication. If people make good use of this language form, euphemism, human munications will be facilitated. 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