【導(dǎo)讀】英語委婉語普遍出現(xiàn)在人們的日常交流中，尤其應(yīng)用于對話。交際目的，避免冒犯他人。談及英語委婉語，我們關(guān)注它在言語環(huán)境中所體現(xiàn)的禮貌原則。在英語國家的文化背景下產(chǎn)生，因而有其獨特的構(gòu)成、語用功能以及其它特征。通過對這些領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行全面分析，筆者嘗試把相關(guān)知識應(yīng)用到筆譯研究領(lǐng)域。倘若缺乏委婉語的相應(yīng)知識，讀者無法體會文學(xué)作品中說話人或講述人的深。對于文學(xué)翻譯的工作者，他們更需要比較文學(xué)作品中英兩個版本委婉語。出一些建議，從而幫助讀者更好地理解文學(xué)作品，更重要的是提高筆譯質(zhì)量。

　　

【正文】 a brief review of previous theoretical studies from journals and dictionaries. These examples have already been used for pragmatic analysis in Chapter Two. 3. 2 Case Studies and Contextual Analysis Case study is extremely important with contextual analysis as a central consideration. In order to have a deep understanding of English euphemism and its application to literary translation, the author will try to analyze two famous novels including A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin amp。 Gao E with its English versions by Yang HsienYi amp。 Gladys Yang (1978) and Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austin with its Chinese version translated by Wang Keyi (2021). As is known to all, A Dream of Red Mansions shows us the influential Family Jia in the feudal society while Pride and Prejudice is a famous love story which focuses on the British society in the 19th century. 13 This part of research consists of three tasks, one for pragmatic functions, another for translation studies, and finally for cultural understanding. A diagram will be shown in the next part to explain the strategy and process of this research. Research Process We can see the whole process from this diagram. First, the author will make a parison between the source language and the target language in terms of their pragmatic devices and functions. Based on the content, we can conclude that the use of euphemism violates the Cooperative Principle and adapts to the Politeness Principle. Finally, the author will determine the factors which contribute to the quality of literary translation in the process of translating euphemism. A Dream of Red Mansions Source Language (SL) Target Language (TL) Linguistic Device Pragmatic Function Cooperative Principle Politeness Principle Linguistic Device Pragmatic Function Cooperative Principle Politeness Principle Comparison Basis 14 Chapter Four Case Studies and Discussion In this chapter, the author will try to show that pragmatic functions are linked to its application to literary translation. Based on the parison of pragmatic functions between English and Chinese versions by using the research methods in Chapter 3, the author will try to discover better ways to produce highquality translations. Case One: Euphemism in A Dream of Red Mansions Here es the first case study with examples from a Dream of Red Mansions. Pragmatic functions and linguistic factors will be studied throughout the analysis. Sample One: 不過說黛玉之母如何得病，如何請醫(yī)服藥，如何送死發(fā)喪。不免賈母又傷感起來，因說：“我這些兒女，所疼者獨有你母，今日一旦先 舍我而去 ，連面不能一見，今見了你，我怎不傷心！”（第三回， P67，下劃線為筆者所加） All the talk now was of Daiyu’s mother. How had she fallen ill? What medicine had the doctors prescribed? How had the funeral and mourning ceremonies been conducted? Inevitably, the Lady Dowager was most painfully affected. “Of all my children I loved your mother best,” she told Daiyu. “Now she has gone before me, and I didn’t even have one last glimpse of her face. The sight of you makes me feel my heart will break!”（ Chapter Three, P68, underlined by the author of the dissertation） SL Device Function CP PP Basis Chinese Lexical Taboo Violation Adaptation Context TL Device Function CP PP Basis English Lexical Taboo Violation Adaptation Context 15 As is mentioned in Chapter Two, death is a taboo in munication. In order not to mention this affair directly, grammatical device is employed here to achieve the pragmatic function. “Gone” refers to someone’s death, which has the equivalent “去 ” in ancient Chinese. Also, the speaker says that she couldn’t see her daughter and didn’t have the last glimpse. So we can infer the person’s death from this context. With contextual factor as the dominant role, the translator tries to carry the message from the source text to the readers of the target text. Here literal translation contributes to a successful message transfer, which is acceptable in this situation. Sample Two: 轉(zhuǎn)過牌坊，便是又一座宮門，上面橫書四個大字，乃是：“孽海情天”。又有一副對聯(lián)，大書云： 厚地高天，堪嘆古今情不盡 癡男怨女，可憐 風(fēng)月債 難償。（第五回， P132，下劃線為筆者所加） Beyond this archway was a palace gateway with the inscription in large character: Sea of Grief and Heaven of Love. The bold couplet flanking this read: Firm as earth and lofty as heaven, passion from time immemorial knows no end。 Pity silly lads and plaintive maids hard put to it to requite debts of breeze and moonlight. (Chapter Five, P133, underlined by the author of the dissertation) SL Device Function CP PP Basis Chinese Figurative Taboo Violation Adaptation Context TL Device Function CP PP Basis English Figurative Beautification Violation Adaptation Context Similarly, we use “風(fēng)月債 ” to refer to debts of love in ancient Chinese. The use of this phrase also violates the Manner Maxim with the purpose of avoiding a direct description of love and sex but Chinese readers can still get the implied meaning. In 16 this case, the author wants to maximize the expression of polite beliefs, which means the adaptation of the Politeness Principle. Although we cannot find its equivalent in English, the translator still chooses “breeze and moonlight”. Contextual factor and beautification are the primary reasons. “Pity silly lad” and “plaintive maids” get readers to think about love affairs between man and woman. Also the word “debt” reminds us of the plicated relationship between lovers. So in this context, it’s natural for them to understand the deep meaning of the phrase although there’s no word like “l(fā)ove” in the sentence. Besides, the use of “breeze and moonlight” reveals a poetic atmosphere, which enables the translator to achieve the pragmatic function of beautification due to the features of the English language. That is why literal translation is used here. According to Huang (2021), literal transla