【正文】 act from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their it is imagined by many that the operations of the mon mind can be by no means pared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men。but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong , and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your is a wellknown incident in one of Moliere39。s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose during the whole of his the same way, I trust that you will take fort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a plex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural 科學研究的方法科學研究的方法只是人類思維中必要的工作方式的表現(xiàn)，正是通過這種方式，人類對一切現(xiàn)象進行邏輯推理，并做出精確的解釋?？茖W家的思維活動與普通人的思維活動之間并無實質的區(qū)別，其區(qū)別有如面包師或者肉匠用普通磅秤稱量他們的物品，而化學家則用天平和精確/細致分級的砝碼來進行難度很大和復雜深入的分析一樣。并不是因為在前一種情況下的磅秤與后一種情況下的天平在構造原理或工作方式上有何不同，只是因為天平是更為精密的儀器，與磅秤比較起來，其稱量結果自然要精確得多。如果我給你（可省去）舉一些非常熟悉的例子，或許你會理解得更清楚。你會多次聽說過科學家們是運用歸納法和演繹法工作，而且，在某種意義上，他們運用這些思維方式從自然界中總結出一些自然規(guī)則，然后運用特殊的技巧，在這些自然規(guī)則的基礎上建立自己的理論。因此，很多人認為，普通人的思維活動決不能與科學家的思維活動堪比；只有通過某種特殊訓練，普通人才能獲得這些思維過程。聽到這些夸張的說法，你或許會認為科學家的大腦和普通人的大腦在構造上不相一樣；但是如果你不被這些大話（夸張的說法）唬住，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)你弄錯了：在你生命中的每天、每時、每刻，你都在運用這些絕妙的思維方法。在莫里哀的戲劇中有一個眾所周知的情節(jié)：主人公在聽到別人夸贊他畢生都是出口成章時，他表現(xiàn)出無盡的喜悅。同樣，我相信，當你發(fā)現(xiàn)（在科學家運用科學思維的同時，）你也一樣基于歸納法和演繹法原理行事，你會感到十分慰籍，也會對自己也非常滿意。（在座）每一個人在一天中都有可能有機會開動一輛思維的列車進行（一連串）復雜的推理，這與科學家在探尋自然現(xiàn)象時的思維活動相比，雖然程度有些不同，但其性質卻完全一樣第三篇：英譯漢練習短文6篇英譯漢練習短文6篇Passage 1 Satiric Literature1Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of rarely offers original , it presents the familiar in a new do not offer the world new they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful, or jars us out of placence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd。Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of science。A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating of these ideas is was suspected before Cervantes2, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley3, and people were aware of famine before was not the originality of the idea that made these satires was the manner of expression，the satiric method, that made them interesting and are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically are stimulating and refreshing because with monsense briskness5 they brush away illusions and secondhand spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract exists because there is need for has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing7, and foolish serves to prod people into an awareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, not do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them 1．這篇文章用詞正式，句式嚴謹、周密、冗長，文風較為華麗。翻譯時選詞要正式，可多用四字結構和鋪排形式。2．Cervantes: 塞萬提斯（17541616），西班牙偉大的作家、詩人、戲劇家。3．Aldous Huxley:奧爾德斯赫胥黎（18251895），英國生物學家，作家。4．Swift: 斯威夫特（16671745），英國作家，擅長用諷刺和幽默揭露社會黑暗現(xiàn)象。5．briskness：brisk意為keen or sharp in speech or manner。6．secondhand opinions：不可翻譯為“二手的觀點”，應該是“人云亦云的的觀點”。7．cheap moralizing：這里cheap意思不是“便宜的”，而是vulgar, contemptible。moralizing不是“道德”，而是“說教”。8．when they do not hear them expressed：當直譯不方便時，我們可用視點轉移法：但是當周圍人不談起時Key 諷刺文學或許諷刺文學最突出的特點是它耳目一新、視角獨創(chuàng)。諷刺文學很少給人以原創(chuàng)的思想,但是它卻將人們熟悉的事情以全新的形式展現(xiàn)出來。諷刺作家并不給人以新的哲學理念。他們所做的只是從某一視角來看待一些為人熟知的事情，在這一視角下，這些事情顯得愚蠢不堪、充滿危害而又矯揉造作。諷刺作品將我們從自鳴得意中震醒，讓我們既愉快又驚詫地看到，我們從未質疑、全盤接受的價值觀中，有很多都是錯誤的。《唐吉珂德》使得騎士精神顯得荒謬可笑；《挑戰(zhàn)新世界》嘲笑了科學的自詡；《一個小小的建議》則建議食用人肉，使饑餓問題戲劇化。這些思想中沒有一條是原創(chuàng)的：在塞萬提斯之前就有人懷疑騎士精神；在赫胥黎之前人文主義者就反對宣稱純科學的至高無上；在斯威夫特之前人們就已經(jīng)意識到饑荒問題。并不是思想的獨創(chuàng)而使得諷刺文學受人歡迎，而是它的表述方式、嘲諷方法使得它趣味橫生、有娛樂性。人們閱讀諷刺文學只是因為在美學上它是讓人心滿意足的藝術品，而不是因為它在道德上有益或倫理上的教益。它激人興奮、爽人身心，因為它只是運用常理通識、辛言辣語，便將各種幻想和人云亦云的觀點一掃而光。諷刺文學自心而來不拘謙恭，它重新調整視角，將熟悉的事物紊雜地放置在一起，用個性化的語言而不是抽象的陳詞濫語表述出來。諷刺作品之所以存在是因為人們需要它。它存續(xù)至今，是因為讀者欣賞爽身怡心的刺激和不拘謙恭的告誡，它提醒讀者，他們生活的世界里充滿了陳腐的思想意識、低俗的道德說教和愚蠢的哲學理念。諷刺作品雖然很少代表真理促成行動，但它卻能使人們感悟到真理。諷刺作品常常告訴人們，他們在大眾媒體中所看到的、聽到的、讀到的大多是偽裝善良、多愁善感或只有部分真實。生活只在很小的程度上與大眾對它的印象相符。士兵們很少擁有電影賦予他們的理想，而普通老百姓也決不會把自己的生命無私地奉獻給人道主義服務。聰明人知道這些事實，但是當周圍人不談起時，他們常常會忘記掉。Passage 2 American Folk ArtWhat we today call American folk art was, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday1 “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for of prosperous, essentially middleclass republics—whether ancient Romans, seventeenthcentury Dutch burghers, or nineteenthcentury Americans—have always shown a marked taste for in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained increasing number of such people, and of the artists who could meet their earliest American folk art portraits e, not surprisingly, from New England — especiallyConnecticut and Massachusetts—for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft a few decades after the signing of the Declaration of Independen