【正文】
節(jié)的重要組成部分,對(duì)改進(jìn)歷史教學(xué)、提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量具有重要的意義。課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求科學(xué)運(yùn)用各種評(píng)價(jià)方法,對(duì)歷史教學(xué)過程、教學(xué)成果以及影響教學(xué)的各種因素進(jìn)行定性和定量的價(jià)值判斷,在教學(xué)過程中充分發(fā)揮教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)的導(dǎo)向功能、診斷功能、激勵(lì)功能和促進(jìn)功能,促進(jìn)學(xué)生素質(zhì)全面發(fā)展,激勵(lì)教師積極進(jìn)取。歷史教學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)強(qiáng)調(diào)以學(xué)生為中心,不僅要考察學(xué)生歷史知識(shí)、歷史技能的掌握以及情感、態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀的變化等方面是否達(dá)到課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求,還要注意考察學(xué)生歷史學(xué)習(xí)的過程與方法,避免將歷史知識(shí)的掌握程度作為唯一的評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)容。評(píng)價(jià)方法強(qiáng)調(diào)科學(xué)性、靈活性和實(shí)踐性的統(tǒng)一,避免將考試作為唯一的評(píng)價(jià)手段。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生參與評(píng)價(jià)過程,讓學(xué)生了解歷史課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求以及評(píng)價(jià)方法與過程,充分發(fā)揮學(xué)生的主體作用。第五篇:英語八年級(jí)下冊(cè)第三單元知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)Unit you please clean your room?一、短語動(dòng)詞take out 帶出去;取出;拔出;除掉 動(dòng)副詞組代詞作賓語時(shí)必須放在兩詞之間。e over 固定短語過來,順便來訪,拜訪。后面加介詞to,后接表示地點(diǎn)的名詞作賓語。拓展:take out of 把從取出/帶出hang →hung→hunghang out 閑逛;溜達(dá)。throw down扔下;隨手丟下其中throw可用作及物或不及物動(dòng)詞,意為扔,擲→threw→thrown 拓展:throw at向扔去(帶有攻擊性)throw to 扔給(不含惡意)throw away扔掉 SectionBtake care of 照顧;照料。相當(dāng)于 look after后可接名詞、(反身)代詞作賓語。Take good care of相當(dāng)于look after well二、動(dòng)詞用法finish 及物動(dòng)詞 完成后跟名詞、代詞或動(dòng)詞ing形式作賓語。拓展:與finish一樣用法的動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語有:enjoy/look forward to/mind/have fun/practice/be busy/consider/feel like/give uppass用作及物動(dòng)詞給;遞; pass sb sth =pass sth to sb把某物遞給某人。走過、通過(考試等)作不及物動(dòng)詞,(時(shí)間)過去,流逝borrow sth from sb向某人借某物。非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞Lend(lent。lent)sb sth=lend sth to sb借給某人某物。非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞Keep 由“保存”引申為“借”,延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,可與時(shí)間段連用。四川Excuse me,can I_____your pen?sorry,I have_____it to 。lend 。borrowed 。borrowed 。lenthate及物動(dòng)詞厭惡;討厭,表示一種感情或心理狀態(tài),不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。Hate sb/sth不喜歡某人或某物Hate to do/doing sth 厭惡做某事(某一次或經(jīng)常性的)相當(dāng)于like的用法。SectionBinvite及物動(dòng)詞邀請(qǐng)名詞invitation 邀請(qǐng);請(qǐng)?zhí)?。Invite sb to +地點(diǎn)名詞。邀請(qǐng)某人到某地。Invite sb to do sth 邀請(qǐng)某人做某事。make sb do sth 讓某人做某事。動(dòng)詞辨析:?jiǎn)卧~主語常用結(jié)構(gòu)含義 Spend(spent)人sb spend time/money on sthSb spend time/money doing sth Pay(paid)人sb pay money for sth Cost(cost)物sth cost sb some money Take(took)it作形式主語 it takes sb some time to do sth 四川:I_________a lot of time palying puter games ,’s bad for your provide sth for sb =provide sb with sth給某人提供某物Offer sb sth =offer sth to sb主動(dòng)給某人提供某物Offer to do sth 主動(dòng)提出做某事。depend on依靠;依賴 independent獨(dú)立的 independence獨(dú)立性develop作及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞發(fā)展;壯大。Development發(fā)展。Developed/developing 前者是發(fā)達(dá)的后者是發(fā)展中的。Have no idea 相當(dāng)于don39。t know不知道、drop(dropped)→dropping(1)drop意為“丟失或落下”時(shí),既可以作及物動(dòng)詞,也可以作不及物動(dòng)詞。如:She was scared and dropped the ,丟落了茶杯。The glass dropped from her 。(2)drop作動(dòng)詞還有“(價(jià)格)下降;放棄”的意思,如:The price of the rice has 。Don39。t drop 。(3)drop也可作名詞,表示“滴”,如:A drop of rain fell on my 。(4)drop還可指“下跌;落下的距離”,如:There was a sudden drop in the temperature 。拓展:drop behind 落后 drop in/by偶然拜訪eye drops 眼藥水 a drop in the ocean滄海一粟Drop out of school輟學(xué)三、名詞rubbish 不可數(shù)名詞垃圾,廢棄物mess名詞雜亂;不整潔。常用短語:in a mess 亂七八糟chores家務(wù)可數(shù)名詞Housework(homework)家務(wù)不可數(shù)名詞 SectionBstress不可數(shù)名詞,精神壓力;心理負(fù)擔(dān)。Under the stress of 在壓力之下。waste 名詞浪費(fèi)a waste of time 浪費(fèi)時(shí)間不可數(shù)名詞廢物;垃圾;浪費(fèi)作形容詞無用的;廢棄的;丟棄的。作及物動(dòng)詞浪費(fèi)四、形容詞五、副詞SectionBanyway 副詞而且;加之。The coat is too expensive and anyway I don’t like the “不管怎樣,無論如何,即使這樣。Anyway ,it’s worth water was cold but he took a shower 、介詞短語in front of在面前;是指在一定范圍外。in the front of 在前部,是指在一定范圍內(nèi)。廣東中考why are you standing,Alice?I can’t see the blackboard tall boys are to front ofin surprise 驚訝地;驚奇地,常用作狀語。拓展:to one’s surprise 使某人吃驚的是,常放在句首,作狀語。sectionBin order to目的是;為了 后接動(dòng)詞原形,引導(dǎo)目的狀語。位置可放在句首,也可放在句中。否定為:in order not to order that 后面接從句,表示目的,從句中常含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。廣東:in order _______for the meeting,my sister forced herself to get up early this to be late being late be late lateas a result 結(jié)果;因此拓展:as a result of 由于;作為的結(jié)果。七、連詞the minute意為“一就”引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,其后省略了引導(dǎo)詞that相當(dāng)于the moment或as soon as(通常情況下主從句時(shí)態(tài)要一致。但若主句用一般將來時(shí),從句則要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。)哈爾濱:boys and girls,calm down and focus on the test paper____you begin to think about the can do if soon as ?when是at or during the time that, 既指時(shí)間點(diǎn),也可指一段時(shí)間; while是during the time that,只指一段時(shí)間,因此when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中的動(dòng)詞可以是終止性動(dòng)詞,也可以是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,而while從句中的動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。②when 說明從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作可以是同時(shí),也可以是先后發(fā)生;while 則強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的動(dòng)作在從句動(dòng)作的發(fā)生的過程中或主從句兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。③由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句,主句用過去進(jìn)行時(shí),從句應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí);如果從句和主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,兩句都用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)候,多用while引導(dǎo),如: the teacher came in, we were ,則為:While we were talking, the teacher came were singing while we were since 由于;因?yàn)椋患热?,引?dǎo)原因狀語從句,通常放在句首。還可引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,自以來。一般用在完成時(shí)當(dāng)中。八、特殊句型asas與一樣,用于同級(jí)比較。第一個(gè)as為副詞,后跟形容詞或副詞的原級(jí);第二個(gè)為連詞,引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句。否定形式:not as/soas,不如neither+連系動(dòng)詞be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語也不。這是一個(gè)倒裝句,表示上句否定的情況也同樣適合后者。So+連系動(dòng)詞be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語也是。這是一個(gè)倒裝句,表示上句肯定的情況也同樣適合后者。拓展:neither+主語+連系動(dòng)詞be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的確不是這樣。(表示說話者同意上文中說話者的否定觀點(diǎn)。)So+主語+連系動(dòng)詞be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的確是這樣。表示說話者同意上述說話者說出的觀點(diǎn)。福建last night I didn39。t watch the TV show。A Bite of China 2_______did was preparing for today’s test SectionBdo one’s part in(doing)sth 盡某人的職責(zé)做某事。The+比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)表示越,就越比較級(jí)+比較級(jí)表示越來越貴州:__________children there are in a family,________their life will less。the better fewer。the better 。richer 。poorer九、語法專項(xiàng) 的用法:(1).表示能力、許可、可能性。表示能力時(shí)一般譯為“能、會(huì)”,即有種能力,尤其是生來具備的能力,此時(shí)may 和must 均不可代替它。如:She can swim fast, but I can’,但我不能。I can see with my 。(2).表示許可,常在口語中。如:You can use my 。(3).表示推測(cè),意為“可能”,常用于否定句和疑問句中,此時(shí)can’t 譯為“ 不可能”?!狢an it be our teacher?那個(gè)人有可能是我們老師嗎?—No, it can’t be our is on a visit to the Great 。咱們老師正在游覽長(zhǎng)城呢。:(1).can的過去式,意為“ 能、會(huì)”,表示過去的能力。如:He could write poems when he was 。(2).could在疑問句中,表示委婉的語氣,此時(shí) could 沒有過去式的意思。如:Could you do me a favour? 你能幫我個(gè)忙嗎?—Could I use your pen? 我能用一下你的鋼筆嗎? —Yes, you 。(注意回答)?—________ you pass me a pen? I’d like to write down the phone number.— it ?The man in the office___be , because he went home just ’t not ’t ’t —___ I take the newspaper away? —No, you mustn39。 it only 。can 。can 。must 。must