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歐洲文化入門考試內(nèi)容歸納中文版-資料下載頁

2024-11-30 00:35本頁面

【導(dǎo)讀】門課并不難攻克。我們要牢記文化的五分法:一、社會歷史(包括政治、經(jīng)濟、用時幫助我們更好的記住前者。答題,名詞解釋,論述題。鑒別評價等多種能力,評分客觀,故常被應(yīng)用。在答題時,如果能瞬時準確地把。好的應(yīng)對辦法是對英語語言知識中最基本的知識、概念、原理等要牢記。準確,如分值較大,可簡要擴展。免把不能說明問題或者與答案相矛盾的東西都寫上。充分認識本課程的知識點。分章節(jié)進行綜述。其中兩個重要的城邦國家是雅典和斯巴達。后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基礎(chǔ)。它在打敗龐大的波斯帝國這場重大戰(zhàn)爭中起了最主要的作用。戰(zhàn)爭最終以雅典的失敗而告終。公元前27年,元老院授予屋大。元前27年的羅馬萬神殿以及女狼雕塑等。以上是對希臘羅馬文化的綜述,下面我們來一起看兩個問答題。

  

【正文】 作家主要受叔本華、伯格森、尼采等哲學(xué)家以及心理學(xué)家弗洛伊德的精神分析學(xué)的影響,二戰(zhàn)后的作家受存在主義的影響?,F(xiàn)代派作家還強調(diào)表現(xiàn)自我,他們經(jīng)常描寫人的異化的主題,認 為現(xiàn)代人已經(jīng)失去了自我的本質(zhì),他們的創(chuàng)作也成了“尋找自我”的文學(xué)。 現(xiàn)代派文學(xué)的藝術(shù)特征是: 1. 反對傳統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)實主義,反對塑造典型環(huán)境下的典型人物,主張在藝術(shù)形式上大膽創(chuàng)新。 2. 他們經(jīng)常運用象征手法。 3. 普遍使用意識流手法。 4. 荒誕。 英國的現(xiàn)代主義作者群相當強大。詩歌代表有艾略特,他的《荒原》是 20世紀西方文學(xué)里一部劃時代的作品,是現(xiàn)代詩歌的里程碑。他的《普魯弗洛克的情歌》和《四個四重奏》也都是有名的作品。小說代表有約瑟夫 康拉德,意識流小說家伍爾夫及勞倫斯。康拉德的代表作有《吉姆爺》和《黑暗的中心 》。伍爾夫的作品有《戴洛維夫人》和《到燈塔去》。 勞倫斯的代表作是《查特來夫人的情人》、《兒子和情人》、《虹》、《戀愛中的女人》等。 愛爾蘭作家也有非常優(yōu)秀的現(xiàn)代主義作品。詩人葉芝是一代巨匠,他的作品有《責任》、《塔》、《盤旋的樓梯》。喬伊斯是 20 世紀最偉大的作家。他在小說結(jié)構(gòu)方面的獨特構(gòu)思與他所采用的新奇的手法如內(nèi)心獨白和意識流,使他聲名遠揚。他的主要作品有小說《尤利西斯》、《芬尼根的蘇醒》,短篇小說集《都柏林人》,自傳小說《青年藝術(shù)家的畫像》等。 美國作家也為現(xiàn)代主義文學(xué)添上了濃重的一筆。其中重要代表人 物有龐德、福克納、海明威、等。康德是意象派的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人,后又發(fā)起了漩渦主義運動。他的代表作是《詩章》( Cantos)。福克納的代表作有《喧囂與憤怒》( The Sound and the Fury)、《在我彌留之際》( As I Lay Dying)。作為迷惘的一代的代言人的海明威的作品相當豐富,代表作有《太陽照樣升起》( The Sun Also Rises)、《永別了,武器》( A Farewell to Arms)、《戰(zhàn)地鐘聲》( For Whom the Bell Tolls)、《老人與海》 26 ( The Old Man and the Sea)等。 法國的現(xiàn)代主義代表作家是普魯斯特,他的《追憶逝水年華》( Remembrance of Things Past)在西方文壇上占據(jù)重要地位。他與亨利 詹姆士一起開創(chuàng)了現(xiàn)代小說的新風氣。 二戰(zhàn)后的世界文壇也是百花齊放。英國有以艾米斯和奧斯本為代表的“憤怒的青年”,他們的代表作分別是《幸運的吉姆》( Lucky Jim)和《憤怒的回顧》( Look Back in Anger)。美國有跨掉的一代,代表作有金斯堡( Kinsberg)的《嚎叫》( Howl)和凱魯亞克( Kerouac)的《在 路上》( On the Road)。法國有新小說派,代表作有羅布 戈里耶的《橡皮》( Erasers)、《嫉妒》( La Jalousie)和《去年在瑪利亞溫泉》( Last Year at Marienbad)以及薩洛特( Sarraute)的《無名氏畫像》( Portrait of a Man Unknown)。此外,歐洲的荒誕派戲劇也很風行,代表作有尤奈斯庫的《禿頭歌女》( The Bald Prima Donna)以及貝克特的《等待戈多》( Waiting for Godot)。在美國還有黑色幽默派作家,最著名的是 海勒,他的《二十二條軍規(guī)》( Catch 22)是典型的黑色幽默之作。 以上是對 20 世紀現(xiàn)代主義的綜述,現(xiàn)在我們來共同探討一下問答題。 1. What are the Characters of modernism? 現(xiàn)代主義有何特點? 這個問題可以從以下幾個方面回答: 1) 現(xiàn)代主義在藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作方面所呈現(xiàn)的復(fù)雜多樣性。表現(xiàn)在象征主義、超現(xiàn)實主義、立體主義、表現(xiàn)主義和未來主義等。 2)任何與傳統(tǒng)分離的創(chuàng)作都可歸于現(xiàn)代主義。 3) 現(xiàn)代主義以 全新的方式 看待人所處的位置。 詳細信息和其它試題請參見練習(xí)冊。 第一章 填空題: 1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. GrecoRoman JudeoChristian 2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey 3. ________ is the first writer of ―problem plays‖. Euripides 4. __________ is called ―Father of History‖. Herodotus 5. ________The greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 . ―I came, I saw, I conquered.‖ By _______. Julius Caesar 27 The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizenassembly. 判斷題 1. Euclid says ―Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world‖. ( ) Archimedes 2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. ( ) Greeks and Persians 名詞解釋: 1. Pax Romana 答: In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana 2. ―Democracy‖ in ancient Greece 答: 1) Democracy means ―exercise of power by the whole people‖, but in Greece by ―the whole people‖ the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens. 2) Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 論述題: 1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop? 答: 1) Probably around 1200 ., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. 2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century . A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century. B. The establishment of democracy. C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens. 3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 4) In the second half of the 4th century ., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found. 5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 ., the Romans conquered Greece. 2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the lateron cultural development? 答: There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries. 1) Spirit of innovation The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy。 They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals。 They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy. 2) Supreme Achievement The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour 努力 : Philosophy, science, epic poetry, edy, historical writing, architecture, etc. 3) Lasting effect A. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s edies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect. B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves bee classics: Byron’s Isles 28 of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn. C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses. 3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture? 答: 1) similarities: A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizenassembly. B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused. C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the IndoEuropean language family. 2) differences: A. The Romans built up a vast empire。 the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated. B. The Romans were confident in their own anizational power, their military and administrative capabilities. 4. What is the Rome historical background? 答: 1) The
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