【正文】 coach seat must be taken into consideration. Then the price of a certain package must be set before it is actually conducted. Then he provides the brochure for tourists to consult the information about specific tours. In order to promote the packages printed in the brochure, the tour operator has to book the mass media, particularly television, well in advance to advertise them. (5) What are the inherent risks that tour operators face and how do they cope with them? The inherent risks are listed below: 1) Contracts are usually made with local suppliers in the destination country。 2) The tour operator is usually required to pay airlines with US dollars。 3) It is possible for airlines to rise price owing to increase in aviation fuel costs。 4) Dues, taxes or fees levied by governments are also changeable。 Tour operators have two ways to cope with these risks. First, they can set an acceptable range of changes in exchange rates so as to determine tour prices and then buy the foreign exchange required at an agreed rate beforehand. Second, they may make an additional charge when the customers pay for the cost. (6) In the escorted tours, what should the tour operator’ representative do? Tourists conduct the whole journey under the guidance of a tour manager. For the big package tour market, tour operators may send a representative to the destination to guide the tour. He must go there in advance and check facilities on behalf of the pany. If there are any differences from the brochure, he will request these differences to be put right. When tourists arrive, he should meet them and help them go to the places of acmodation smoothly. Then during the holiday, the representative is required to provide guests such services as giving advice and dealing with the possible problems, as well as supervising, and sometimes anizing social activities and excursions. 旅游知識測試 正誤判斷：請?jiān)谡_的選題上劃 √，錯誤的選題上劃 。 1. 旅游經(jīng)營商在我國也稱作“旅游批發(fā)商”，購買交通（航班、渡輪等），住宿（飯店客房、自助式公寓等）、接送（通過旅游巴士、出租車）產(chǎn)品，組成單一價(jià)格，并通過旅游代理商將包價(jià)旅游產(chǎn)品出售給旅游者。 2. 旅游經(jīng)營商從上游企業(yè)批量購入產(chǎn)品可以獲得價(jià)格折扣，使包價(jià)旅游產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格低于各單項(xiàng)旅游產(chǎn)品價(jià)格之和，能夠幫組旅游者節(jié)約費(fèi)用支出。 3. 旅游經(jīng)營商與其上游企業(yè)如航空公司、飯店等簽有長期的合作契約，在旅游淡季時(shí)不能為上游企業(yè)補(bǔ)充客源，與這些企業(yè)有時(shí)會發(fā)生利益沖突。 4. 為了便于旅游代理商銷售其旅游產(chǎn)品，旅游經(jīng)營商定期向旅游代理商提供旅游產(chǎn)品宣傳資料，但是旅游代理商要自備預(yù)定系統(tǒng)。 5. 旅游經(jīng)營商可以派出自己的銷售代表，為旅游代理商解答關(guān)于銷售方面的疑問，指導(dǎo)、監(jiān)查銷售情況，對旅游代理商進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)。 Part IV Reading Box 第四部分 閱讀與分析 Tour Wholesalers in North America Topic discussion Topic discussion (參見國家雙語示范課程 《 旅游學(xué)概論 》 網(wǎng)站：“網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂 ) 1. What are the main businesses of tour wholesalers? The wholesaler usually bines transportation, food, acmodation, sightseeing and other services to make a package tour. Its business is mainly made up of planning, preparing, and selling a vacation tour. 2. What are the typical characteristics of the independent tour wholesaler’s business? The typical characteristics of the independent tour wholesaler’s business are summarized in the following: 1) It is relatively easier to start the business。 2) The speed of cash flow is fast。 3) Their products on sale are seldom returned。 4) It is possible for them to make a big profit from equity because they need less money to start such a business. 3. What is the National Tour Association (NTA) and what are the main services it offers? The National Tour Association (NTA) is the primary tour wholesaler anization in North America. The services the association offers aim to provide its members business opportunities and professional education so that they can be able to develop their business. These services include marketing assistance, educational programs, government mental representation, and munications for its membership. What’s more, the association produces two big events every year. One is the NTA Convention and Tour and Travel Exchange. 4. What does the . Tour Operators Association (USTOA) aim at? It aims to provide protection of the consumers。 to educate the travel industry, government agencies, and the public about tours, vacation packages, and tour operators。 to maintain a high level of professional standards within the industry。 and to develop travel worldwide. 5. What do the tour wholesaler anizations in the United States contribute to the development of tourism? The services the tour wholesaler anization offers provide its members business opportunities and professional education so that they can be able to develop their business. For example, a strict code of ethics established by NTA is very helpful for the members to conduct their business activities smoothly, which benefits the traveling public a lot. NTA also makes an effort to promote group tours and help consumers realize that there are substitutes for the vacation. At the same time, it has made Consumer Protection Plan for the purpose of providing the traveling public protection. In this way, these anizations contribute much to the development of tourism. 謝謝觀看 /歡迎下載 BY FAITH I MEAN A VISION OF GOOD ONE CHERISHES AND THE ENTHUSIASM THAT PUSHES ONE TO SEEK ITS FULFILLMENT REGARDLESS OF OBSTACLES. BY FAITH I BY FAITH