【正文】 n better play the extractive distillation of low energy consumption, the advantages of high purity. First, extractive distillation using high purity alcohol solution, and then obtained after azeotropic distillation of alcohol products of high purity, this method than separate extractive distillation or azeotropic distillation process from energy consumption and ease of operation control General aspects to be good. 2． azeotropic distillation and extractive distillation parison Some material separation system can be used both azeotropic distillation, extractive distillation can also be used, choice of study peting mode of operation, need to make the following considerations: azeotropic distillation and extractive distillation are separated in the mixture add a third ponent to improve the relative volatility between ponents, it is mon ground between the two, but they also are differences in the question: (1) azeotropic agent is separated with the azeotrope forming ponents, and extraction agent is no such requirement, therefore the range of choice than the extraction solvent azeotropic agent wide. (2) azeotropic agent from the azeotropic distillation of the distillation tower, while the extraction solvent discharged from the extractive distillation column in the bottom, so in general azeotropic distillation of the calories consumed more large extractive distillation, only the constant boiling ponent content of less entrainment agent when the difference will narrow. (3) a certain total pressure azeotrope position, the temperature is constant, so the use of azeotropic agents have specific requirements。 and the amount of extraction agent can change within a certain range, more flexible. (4) Rectification of the operating temperature is usually lower than the extractive distillation, so when the presence of heatsensitive ponents, the use of azeotropic distillation is more appropriate. Reactive distillation was first used methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), such as synthetic process, is now widely used in esterification, isomerization, alkylation, posite process, Selective hydrogenation of olefins, oxidative dehydrogenation, C l chemical and other reactions. However, the application of reactive distillation process has its limitations, it only applies to chemical reactions and distillation processes at the same temperature and pressure can be carried out within the process. In addition, the coupling reaction and distillation process, there are many issues, such as fine chemical production of nonsteadystate characteristics of batch reactive distillation, reactive distillation process and the best match, solid catalyst deactivation due to operational difficulties to develop generic reactive distillation process simulation software and design methods, etc., have yet to be studied further. Therefore, the current research on reactive distillation focused on the choice of catalyst, the catalyst loading in the form, the reaction within the distillation reaction kinetics, thermodynamics and fluid mechanics research, reactive distillation process optimization and how to identify the fine response boiling liquid in the process of balance to guide industrial production.精餾分離技術(shù)及進(jìn)展(續(xù))趙晶瑩 ， 劉龍 ， 王璐 ， 張微微 ， 孫蘭蘭(1．大慶石化分公司研究院，黑龍江 大慶163714； 2．大慶石油學(xué)院化工系 大慶 163714)摘要：本文在參考大量文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，著重介紹了各種精餾方法及其工業(yè)應(yīng)用、國內(nèi)外發(fā)展?fàn)顩r，對萃取精餾和恒沸精餾方法進(jìn)行比較，并對催化精餾技術(shù)的國內(nèi)外研究進(jìn)展做了詳細(xì)介紹。關(guān)鍵詞：分離技術(shù)：精餾方法： 反應(yīng)精餾中圖分類號：TQ028．1 3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)示碼：A 文章編號：l009—4725(2005)70022—061．萃取精餾的工業(yè)應(yīng)用工業(yè)上常用萃取精餾分離丁烯／丁二烯等 多組分C 4氣體。國內(nèi)分離C4的兩套裝置ACN法和DMF法的溶劑量都很大，一萃塔溶劑比在7～8，不僅能量、溶劑消耗高，且萃取精餾塔內(nèi)液體負(fù)荷很高，降低了塔的生產(chǎn)能力和塔板效率，使實(shí)際塔板數(shù)增加，抵消了由于加入溶劑后提高相對揮發(fā)度使所需塔板數(shù)減少的效果。而且， 由于板上液體負(fù)荷大，容易液泛， 降低了塔操作的允許汽液負(fù)荷。因此，萃取精餾塔的生產(chǎn)能力一般較低。在萃取精餾工藝路線以及溶劑不便改動的情況下，采用高效新型的塔板內(nèi)構(gòu)件，是提高萃取精餾塔生產(chǎn)能力的有效策略。如近年來開發(fā)出來的多溢流復(fù)合斜孔塔板就可以代替原有的浮閥塔板以提高生產(chǎn)能力。近年來開發(fā)的各種分離方法之間相結(jié)合的分離技術(shù)過程中，對萃取精餾亦如此。例如分離醇水溶液如果采用萃取精餾與恒沸精餾結(jié)合，就可以較好地發(fā)揮出萃取精餾能耗低、產(chǎn)品純度高的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。首先利用萃取精餾得到純度較高的醇溶液，然后經(jīng)過恒沸精餾制得高純度的醇產(chǎn)品，這種方法比單獨(dú)的萃取精餾或恒沸精餾流程從能耗和操作控制難易綜合方面都要好。2．恒沸精餾和萃取精餾的比較一些物系的分離既可以用恒沸精餾，也可以用萃取精餾，究競選擇何種操作方式，需要作以下考慮：恒沸精餾和萃取精餾都是在被分離的混和物中加入第三組分，以提高組分間的相對揮發(fā)度，這是兩者的共同點(diǎn)，但他們之問也存在如下差異：(1)恒沸劑要與被分離組分形成恒沸物，而萃取劑無此要求，因此萃取劑選擇的范圍較恒沸劑廣。(2)恒沸劑從恒沸精餾塔的塔頂蒸出，而萃取劑從萃取精餾塔的塔底排出， 因此一般說來恒沸精餾的熱量消耗較萃取精餾大，只有恒沸劑夾帶含量較少的組分時，這一差別才會縮小。(3)一定總壓下恒沸物的組成、溫度是恒定的， 因此恒沸劑的使用量有特定要求；而萃取劑的用量可在一定范圍內(nèi)變化，較為靈活。(4)恒沸精餾的操作溫度通常比萃取精餾低，故當(dāng)有熱敏性組分存在時， 采用恒沸精餾更合適。反應(yīng)精餾最早應(yīng)用于甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)和乙基叔丁基醚(ETBE)等合成工藝中，現(xiàn)已廣泛應(yīng)用于酯化、異構(gòu)化、烷基化、疊合過程、烯烴選擇性加氫、氧化脫氫、C l化學(xué)和其他反應(yīng)過程。但是反應(yīng)精餾過程的應(yīng)用是有其局限性的，它只適用于化學(xué)反應(yīng)和精餾過程可在同樣溫度和壓力范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行的工藝過程。此外，在反應(yīng)和精餾相互耦合過程中，還有許多的問題，如精細(xì)化工生產(chǎn)的間歇反應(yīng)精餾非穩(wěn)態(tài)特性、反應(yīng)和精餾過程的最佳匹配、固體催化劑失活引起的操作困難、開發(fā)通用的反應(yīng)精餾過程模擬軟件和設(shè)計(jì)方法等方面，都有待進(jìn)一步研究。因此，當(dāng)前對反應(yīng)精餾的研究主要集中在催化劑的選擇、催化劑的裝填形式、反應(yīng)精餾塔內(nèi)的反應(yīng)動力學(xué)、熱力學(xué)和流體力學(xué)的研究、反應(yīng)精餾的工藝優(yōu)化以及如何找出反應(yīng)精餾過程中的氣液平衡關(guān)系， 以指導(dǎo)工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)。