【正文】 ing變化形式 (doing/having done) 1) 動詞－ ing形式的一般式表示動作與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生 ﹑ 幾乎同時發(fā)生或在謂語動詞前發(fā)生。 ，如果這個動作在進行，或是與謂語表示的動作同時發(fā)生，我們可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式。 . The bridge being built now will be pleted in the three months. This is one of the experiments being carried on in our lab. ing變化形式 (doing/having done) 1) 動詞－ ing形式的一般式表示動作與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生 ﹑ 幾乎同時發(fā)生或在謂語動詞前發(fā)生。 ，如果這個動作發(fā)生于謂語之前，我們可以用 having been done 形式。也可以被過去分詞代替。 .: Having been shown the lab, the visitor looked around the stadium. = shown the lab, the visitor looked around the stadium. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語 形式 意義 V+ing(doing) 與句中主語構成邏輯上的主謂關系，與句中謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，或基本上同時發(fā)生。 Having +V+ed (having done) 與句中主語構成邏輯上的主謂關系，先于謂語動詞發(fā)生。 Being +V+ed (being done) 與句中主語構成邏輯上的動賓關系，且與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，一般作原因狀語置于句首。 Having been +V + ed (having been done） 與句中主語構成邏輯上的動賓關系，且先于謂語動詞發(fā)生。 1. Walking along the street, he met his old friend. When he was walking along the street, he met his old friend. 2. Being ill, he didn’t go to school. Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school. 3. Working hard, you will succeed. If you work hard, you will succeed. 時間狀語從句 條件狀語從句 原因狀語從句 4. Being poor, the old man was happy. Though the old man was poor, he was happy. 5. The boy fell off his bike, breaking his right arm. The boy fell off his bike, and broke his right arm. 6. He sat at the table, reading a magazine. He sat at the table, and read a magazine at the same time. 讓步狀語從句 表結果 表方式 /伴隨 Grammar– (5ms) Finish activity 1 on p20, then answer the question. 1. On seeing her, the king immediately falls in love with her. 2. He marries her, not knowing who she really is. 3. Before leaving his kingdom, he calls his son to him. 4. After thinking about the situation, he decides to kill the witch himself. 5. While sitting by a pool, Ferdinand sees a frog. What can you conclude from theses sentences? Conclusion:1. Ving 的否定式為 not + ving 2. Ving 前可以有介詞或連詞。 ? 1)作時間狀語 , 可以表示三個時間概念 ? ,相當于 “ as soon as” 引導的時間狀語從句 ? Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy. ? = As soon as he heard the good news, he … ? = On hearing the good news, he… ? ,表示”在做某事期間”相當于由 when/while 引導的時間狀語從句 ? Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. ? = When/While I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend. ? = When/While walking in the street, I came across … ,分詞就要用完成時 . 如 : Having done his homework, the boy went out to play. Having written his position he began to do his maths homework. ? 2)作原因狀語 ,相當于由 because/as 引導的原因狀語從句 .作原因狀語的現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的時間是 ? ? Being ill, he didn’t go to school. ? =Because/As he was ill, he didn’t go … ? Not knowing what to do next, he went to his teacher for advice. ? = Because/As he didn’t know what to do next, he went to … ,分詞就要用完成時 . 如 : Having seen the film many times, he didn’t go to see it last night. Having walked for a long time, all of us felt very tired. ? 3)作條件狀語 ,相當于由 if 引導的條件狀語從句 (If) Using your head, you will find a way. =If you use your head, you will find … Standing on top of the mountain, you can see the village more clearly. =If you stand on top of the mountain, you can… . ? 4)作讓步狀語 ,相當于由 although/though 引導的讓步狀語從句 ? Although/Though getting up early, he was late for the meeting. ? = Although/Though he got up early, he was late for the meeting. ? Having been told many times, he still couldn’t remember it. ? 5)作伴隨狀語 (方式狀語 ),表示同謂語的動作同時發(fā)生 ,相當于由并列連詞連接的兩個并列動作 . ? They sat there on the stone, talking with each other. ? =They sat there on the stone and talked with each other. ? 注意 :只有現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式才可作伴隨狀語 ,且常放于主句后 . ? 6)作結果狀語 ,現(xiàn)在分詞的動作 同謂語動詞的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生 . ? The mother died, leaving five children behind. ? They fired at the enemy, killing two. 現(xiàn)在分詞無論作何種狀語 , 它的邏輯主語必須是句子的主語 , 但在一些表示說話者態(tài)度的固定表達方式中 , 分詞短語的邏輯主語和句子的主語是不一致的 .這種結構常見的有 : 1)Generally/strickly/broadly/…+speaking 2)Judging from…/talking of…/allowing for.. 3) Considering that …/seeing that… /supposing that… ? Generally speaking, men are stronger than women.(=If we are to speak generally,…) ? Judging from his looks, something bad must have happened to him. ? Considering that she has no experience, she has done a good job. (3).現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài) ? 現(xiàn)在分詞有兩種時態(tài) ? (doing) : 表示分詞 的動作和謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生 .如 : They stood there, talking. Walking in the street, I met an old friend of mine. ? (having done):表示分詞 的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之前 .如 : ? Having done their homework, the boy went home. ? Having been there many times, he knew the place very well. (4).現(xiàn)在分詞的語態(tài) ? 當一個 現(xiàn)在分詞 邏輯上的主語是 現(xiàn)在分詞 動作的承受者 , 這個 現(xiàn)在分詞 一般要用被動形式 ? ①作名詞的后置定語，表示當時正在進行的被動動作 The building being repaired is our 正在維修的那座樓房是我們的圖書館。 This is one of the experiments being carried out in our laboratory. ② 用作賓語補足語，表示當時正在進行的被動動作 You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere. As we approached the village, we saw new houses being built. ? ③ 作狀語 ,表示當時正在進行的被動動作 ? 如： ? Being cooled in the air, the steel is being harder and harder. ? 注 :如果表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發(fā)生有時需要用 現(xiàn)在分詞 的完成被動式(having been done) ? Having been shown the lab, we were taken to visit the diningroom. ? The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan. ? 決定作出后，下一個問題就是如何制定一個好計劃 ? 現(xiàn)在分詞 的完成式無論主動式 (having done)還是被動式 (having been done),在句子中一般只作狀語 . （二）過去分詞 (1).過去分詞 的語法形式 ? 過去分詞 無人稱和數(shù)的變化 ,也沒有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化 . (2)、 過去分詞的句法功能 ? 具有形容詞和副詞的特征 ,可充當成分 : 表語 定語 ,賓語補足語 , 狀語 作表語 ? 過去分詞 作表語 ,相當于一個形容詞 ,說明主語的狀態(tài) .如， ? He is gone. ? The glass is broken. ? He was lost in thought. ? They were deeply moved. ? We were surprised to learn