【正文】 ing變化形式 (doing/having done) 1) 動(dòng)詞－ ing形式的一般式表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生 ﹑ 幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前發(fā)生。 ，如果這個(gè)動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行，或是與謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，我們可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)形式。 . The bridge being built now will be pleted in the three months. This is one of the experiments being carried on in our lab. ing變化形式 (doing/having done) 1) 動(dòng)詞－ ing形式的一般式表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生 ﹑ 幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前發(fā)生。 ，如果這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生于謂語(yǔ)之前，我們可以用 having been done 形式。也可以被過(guò)去分詞代替。 .: Having been shown the lab, the visitor looked around the stadium. = shown the lab, the visitor looked around the stadium. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ) 形式 意義 V+ing(doing) 與句中主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，或基本上同時(shí)發(fā)生。 Having +V+ed (having done) 與句中主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生。 Being +V+ed (being done) 與句中主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，一般作原因狀語(yǔ)置于句首。 Having been +V + ed (having been done） 與句中主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生。 1. Walking along the street, he met his old friend. When he was walking along the street, he met his old friend. 2. Being ill, he didn’t go to school. Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school. 3. Working hard, you will succeed. If you work hard, you will succeed. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 條件狀語(yǔ)從句 原因狀語(yǔ)從句 4. Being poor, the old man was happy. Though the old man was poor, he was happy. 5. The boy fell off his bike, breaking his right arm. The boy fell off his bike, and broke his right arm. 6. He sat at the table, reading a magazine. He sat at the table, and read a magazine at the same time. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 表結(jié)果 表方式 /伴隨 Grammar– (5ms) Finish activity 1 on p20, then answer the question. 1. On seeing her, the king immediately falls in love with her. 2. He marries her, not knowing who she really is. 3. Before leaving his kingdom, he calls his son to him. 4. After thinking about the situation, he decides to kill the witch himself. 5. While sitting by a pool, Ferdinand sees a frog. What can you conclude from theses sentences? Conclusion:1. Ving 的否定式為 not + ving 2. Ving 前可以有介詞或連詞。 ? 1)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) , 可以表示三個(gè)時(shí)間概念 ? ,相當(dāng)于 “ as soon as” 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 ? Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy. ? = As soon as he heard the good news, he … ? = On hearing the good news, he… ? ,表示”在做某事期間”相當(dāng)于由 when/while 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 ? Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. ? = When/While I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend. ? = When/While walking in the street, I came across … ,分詞就要用完成時(shí) . 如 : Having done his homework, the boy went out to play. Having written his position he began to do his maths homework. ? 2)作原因狀語(yǔ) ,相當(dāng)于由 because/as 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句 .作原因狀語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的時(shí)間是 ? ? Being ill, he didn’t go to school. ? =Because/As he was ill, he didn’t go … ? Not knowing what to do next, he went to his teacher for advice. ? = Because/As he didn’t know what to do next, he went to … ,分詞就要用完成時(shí) . 如 : Having seen the film many times, he didn’t go to see it last night. Having walked for a long time, all of us felt very tired. ? 3)作條件狀語(yǔ) ,相當(dāng)于由 if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句 (If) Using your head, you will find a way. =If you use your head, you will find … Standing on top of the mountain, you can see the village more clearly. =If you stand on top of the mountain, you can… . ? 4)作讓步狀語(yǔ) ,相當(dāng)于由 although/though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 ? Although/Though getting up early, he was late for the meeting. ? = Although/Though he got up early, he was late for the meeting. ? Having been told many times, he still couldn’t remember it. ? 5)作伴隨狀語(yǔ) (方式狀語(yǔ) ),表示同謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生 ,相當(dāng)于由并列連詞連接的兩個(gè)并列動(dòng)作 . ? They sat there on the stone, talking with each other. ? =They sat there on the stone and talked with each other. ? 注意 :只有現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式才可作伴隨狀語(yǔ) ,且常放于主句后 . ? 6)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ) ,現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作 同謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生 . ? The mother died, leaving five children behind. ? They fired at the enemy, killing two. 現(xiàn)在分詞無(wú)論作何種狀語(yǔ) , 它的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須是句子的主語(yǔ) , 但在一些表示說(shuō)話者態(tài)度的固定表達(dá)方式中 , 分詞短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)是不一致的 .這種結(jié)構(gòu)常見(jiàn)的有 : 1)Generally/strickly/broadly/…+speaking 2)Judging from…/talking of…/allowing for.. 3) Considering that …/seeing that… /supposing that… ? Generally speaking, men are stronger than women.(=If we are to speak generally,…) ? Judging from his looks, something bad must have happened to him. ? Considering that she has no experience, she has done a good job. (3).現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài) ? 現(xiàn)在分詞有兩種時(shí)態(tài) ? (doing) : 表示分詞 的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生 .如 : They stood there, talking. Walking in the street, I met an old friend of mine. ? (having done):表示分詞 的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前 .如 : ? Having done their homework, the boy went home. ? Having been there many times, he knew the place very well. (4).現(xiàn)在分詞的語(yǔ)態(tài) ? 當(dāng)一個(gè) 現(xiàn)在分詞 邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是 現(xiàn)在分詞 動(dòng)作的承受者 , 這個(gè) 現(xiàn)在分詞 一般要用被動(dòng)形式 ? ①作名詞的后置定語(yǔ)，表示當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作 The building being repaired is our 正在維修的那座樓房是我們的圖書(shū)館。 This is one of the experiments being carried out in our laboratory. ② 用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，表示當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作 You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere. As we approached the village, we saw new houses being built. ? ③ 作狀語(yǔ) ,表示當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作 ? 如： ? Being cooled in the air, the steel is being harder and harder. ? 注 :如果表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生有時(shí)需要用 現(xiàn)在分詞 的完成被動(dòng)式(having been done) ? Having been shown the lab, we were taken to visit the diningroom. ? The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan. ? 決定作出后，下一個(gè)問(wèn)題就是如何制定一個(gè)好計(jì)劃 ? 現(xiàn)在分詞 的完成式無(wú)論主動(dòng)式 (having done)還是被動(dòng)式 (having been done),在句子中一般只作狀語(yǔ) . （二）過(guò)去分詞 (1).過(guò)去分詞 的語(yǔ)法形式 ? 過(guò)去分詞 無(wú)人稱和數(shù)的變化 ,也沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化 . (2)、 過(guò)去分詞的句法功能 ? 具有形容詞和副詞的特征 ,可充當(dāng)成分 : 表語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ) ,賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) , 狀語(yǔ) 作表語(yǔ) ? 過(guò)去分詞 作表語(yǔ) ,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞 ,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài) .如， ? He is gone. ? The glass is broken. ? He was lost in thought. ? They were deeply moved. ? We were surprised to learn