語(yǔ)音學(xué)和音系學(xué)考試資料-資料下載頁(yè)
2025-07-24 20:06本頁(yè)面
【正文】 nguages, and to explain the variations that occur.Take tea and too as an example. Phoneticians are concerned with how the two/t/s differ in the way they are pronounced. It is general, descriptive and classificatory, which studies speech sounds as they are. While phonologists are interested in patterning of the two sounds and the rules that underlie such variations. It studies the sound systems of languages, which is particularly abstract and distinctive, revealing the functioning of the speech sounds.2. What are phone, phonemes and allophones?（必考） (1) Phone is a minimal sound unit that human organ can produce. It can not distinguish meanings but can show the subtle change of sounds. It is a phonetic unit, usually represented by [ ]. This is called phonetic transcription, which is also called narrow transcription, such as pit [p ] (aspirated) and spit [p ] (unaspirated). (2) A phoneme is a phonological unit, the smallest distinctive and abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meanings. Therefore, /p/, /b/, /e/, /i/ in pit/bit, and pet/pit are all English phonemes, represented by “/ /”. This is called phonetic transcription, which is also called broad transcription. (3) Allophones are the phones that can represent a phoneme. Take pit [p ] (aspirated) and spit [p ] (unaspirated) as an example. [p ] and [p ] are two different phones and variation of phoneme /p/. They called the allophones of the same phoneme /p/.3. Assimilation（必考） Assimilation is a phonological term, which is often used synonymously with coarticulation, a phonetic term. It refers to process in which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. There are 2 possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it regressive assimilation, eg: lamb。 if a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, we call it progressive assimilation, eg: map. 5
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