【正文】 ncing, or handling tools ?Attitudes – an emotional and cognitive propensity to choose a certain course of action (. “choosing to stay late after work.”) ? Task classification is the act of identifying and labeling task according to the specific type of learning oute: . ? 1) tasks require memorization。 ? 2) tasks require students to apply a rule. 課堂任務(wù)的設(shè)計(jì) 1 Teach the smaller things first 2 Get them to try to municate such information 3 Provide them with ready made text exemplifying a situation 任務(wù)可以來(lái)自各個(gè)方面 ? Tasks can have variety of starting point. They may draw on learners? own input, eg personal experience, general/world knowledge, or intellectual challenge。 they may be based on written text, recordings of spoken data, or visual data。 they could be activities like games, demonstrations or interviews。 they could be a bination of several of these. Planning classroom work ? Three features for the design of all tasks: clarity, flexibility, and feedback ? Three kinds of demands tasks place on learners: learning, content, and action demands Task training sequence ? describe the overall training goals ? describe the flowchart of the tasks to be learned ? teach learners to name and identify work objects and actions ? point out important taskrelevant cues ? teach the necessary taskrelated information ? teach specific procedures associating stimuli and response ? teach decisionmaking strategies and problem solving ? allow for practice of motor response ? (Miller, 1962) (p41) Task function: 任務(wù)型語(yǔ)言教學(xué)的功能 ： ? to provide a purpose for a classroom activity 為課堂活動(dòng)提供具體、清晰的目標(biāo) ? to make language teaching more municative 使語(yǔ)言教學(xué)更具有交際性 Task types 任務(wù)的類型 ? Closed task one single correct answer or a restricted number of correct answers ? Open task no single correct answer ? Core task ? Extended task Performance Assessment and Task Based Language Teaching ? A learningoutes taxonomy is used to classify different types of learned capabilities, each of which can be labeled as a learning oute. The distinguishing characteristic of each oute is the type of performance exhibited by someone who has developed the skills which enable that oute – someone who has acquired a rule can apply the rule to solve problems. The external performances indicate the internal capability acquired by the learner. TaskBased Assessment ? Performance assessment is defined as systematic attempt to measure a learner?s ability to use previously acquired knowledge in solving problems or pleting specific tasks. ( Stiggins 1982) ? It seems that task acplishment is the ultimate focus for evaluating human performance. It follows that L2 performance assessment and taskbased approaches to language teaching and assessment will likely share a greatly deal of theoretical and practical mon ground. ( Norris 1998 ) ? Performance assessment involves students in performing tasks that reflect reallife situations and challenges students to demonstrate what they have learned by producing a product or performance. ? Performance assessments require learners to use prior knowledge and recent learning to acplish tasks that demonstrate what they know and can do. There is a direct links between instruction and assessment. A Fivestep Plan for Selecting Assessment Tasks ? 1 Establish what the teacher?s specific instructional goals are because it is important that the chosen assessment task actually matches the instructional oute(s) it is designed to measure. ? 2 Identify the specific, disciplinebased content are skills that students are expected to attain and determine whether the task adequately represents or utilizes them. ? 3 Insure that the task is fair and free of bias, allowing student to demonstrate their true progress and abilities without being disadvantaged by some extraneous element in the task, lack of prior knowledge, unequal access to resources or materials, and so forth. ? 4 Decide which of the three possible forms the tasks will take ( the choice should depend mainly on the type of skills and content that needs to be covered: ? a. Authentic, realworld tasks ( which have the advantage of generating greater motivation and offering greater transferability than traditional tasks) ? b. Thank you!