【正文】 . 然而，其中大多數(shù)的公司在實(shí)行時要比微軟和雅虎這些公司有彈性的多。Even General Electric, which pioneered the technique during the unpromising reign of Neutron Jack Welch, has since softened its approach. 甚至在中子彈杰克韋爾奇治下首先采用這種管理方法的通用電氣近年來也軟化了實(shí)行方法。The reason such gradings have not died out entirely is because employers still need to find ways to fairly evaluate their employees and have a basis for pensation differences, says Robert Kaplan of Harvard Business School. 這種評分策略沒有完全消失的原因在于老板們?nèi)匀恍枰业焦皆u估雇員的方法并據(jù)此確定報酬差異。This is especially true when there is a wide gap between the remuneration of top performers and the rest. 當(dāng)頂級員工的工資和其他人差的很多的時候，這尤其顯得很重要。To avoid lawsuits claiming unfair discrimination, firms need to be able to show they have a clear basis for decisions on pay and bonuses. 這話來自于哈佛商學(xué)院的Robert Kaplan。為了避免不公待遇和員工歧視的訴訟，公司在決定酬勞和福利的時候需要有明確的根據(jù)。Ranking and yanking is more logical in investment banks, law and accountancy firms and big consultancies: 評級和封殺在投資銀行、法律和會計(jì)公司以及大型咨詢公司這些行業(yè)中要更合理一些：their business model is, in a sense, built on recruiting large numbers of junior staff and motivating them with the prospect of being a partner, even though in practice only a few of them can ever make it. 他們的業(yè)務(wù)形式在某種程度上就是建立在招收大量新員工然后用成為合作人的目標(biāo)激勵他們努力工作，雖然實(shí)際上只有極少數(shù)人能夠做到。In other types of business, the evidence suggests that it may work at first, if a firm needs to cut away dead wood. 但在其他行業(yè)中，有證據(jù)顯示這個方法在公司想要除去公司的贅余部分時還是能管用一段時間的。But the benefit can disappear and turn into a cost if the ranking and yanking is done repeatedly, says Denise Rousseau of Carnegie Mellon University. 但是如果重復(fù)進(jìn)行下去，就會由使公司收益變?yōu)閹頁p失。卡耐基梅隆大學(xué)的Denise Rousseau如此說道。You can quickly end up with the people in the bottom quartile being average performers rather than poor performers, she notes. 很快，處在評估表底部的人就會是一般員工而非業(yè)務(wù)糟糕者她解釋道，There is nothing wrong with being average in an aboveaverage workforce. 在一群極其優(yōu)秀的員工中成為普通一員可沒什么不對的。A lot of good work is done by average people. 眾多的優(yōu)秀工作都是由普通人做成的。If a large proportion of the workforce doubt the fairness of the grading system, and fear being among an arbitrarily imposed quota of underperformers, many may try to jump before they are pushed: 如果員工中較大一部分人懷疑評價體系的公正性，并且擔(dān)心被隨機(jī)地劃分為不合格員工，其中不少就會嘗試在被開除之前跳槽：staff turnover may thus be higher than is desirable. 人員流動程度就會比期望的更大。Worse, employees may look for ways to game the system, as happened at Enron, where workers conspired to inflate their results to secure their bonuses or escape the axe. 更糟的是，雇員會想法設(shè)法利用體系的規(guī)則，正如安然事件中發(fā)生的那樣，員工們串通起來夸大自己的成果來保證自己的獎勵或是避免被開除。That is not the sort of teamwork and collaboration that is wanted. 這可不是我們想要的那種團(tuán)結(jié)合作。 迅雷高速下載 音頻下載[點(diǎn)擊右鍵另存為] Science and technology 科學(xué)技術(shù)By the book 照本宣科The American Psychiatric Association39。s latest diagnostic manual remains a flawed attempt to categorise mental illness 美國精神醫(yī)學(xué)會最新診斷手冊在精神疾病分類上仍有欠缺A BOOK with the title Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition does not sound destined to be a bestseller, particularly at $199 a pop. 《精神疾病診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊，第五版》這個書名聽上去注定成不了暢銷書，尤其一本竟要199美元。But DSM5, as it is known for short, is almost certain to bee one. 但是DSM5（書名的簡稱）幾乎肯定會成為一本暢銷書。 Its predecessor, DSMIV, which was published in 1994, has sold more than 1m copies. DSM5, which will go on sale on May 22nd, is likely to do at least as well. 其上一版，1994年出版的DSM4已售出超過一百萬冊。DSM5將于5月22日開售，很可能至少也會賣到這個數(shù)。The reason is that the DSM series, which is published by the American Psychiatric Association, has bee the global standard for the description of mental illness. 美國精神醫(yī)學(xué)會出版的DSM叢書如此大賣的原因是其已經(jīng)成為精神疾病癥狀描述的全球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Indeed, the DSM is treated by many people less as a medical handbook and more as holy writ. 實(shí)際上，許多人把DSM更多是當(dāng)成圣經(jīng)，而非一本醫(yī)學(xué)手冊。Insurers use it to decide whether or not to cover ailments. 保險公司用其來確定是否涵蓋一些病癥。And diagnoses based on it determine whether people get special services at school。 whether they qualify for disability benefits。 whether they are stigmatised in their careers。 even whether they are able to adopt children. 據(jù)其做出的診斷會決定一個人是否會在學(xué)校受到特殊照顧；是否能得到傷殘撫恤金；是否會在自己的職業(yè)生涯中蒙受污名；甚至是否能夠領(lǐng)養(yǎng)小孩。Doctors, patients, drug panies and insurers have all thus been waiting for the latest edition of what has bee known as the psychiatric bible. 因此醫(yī)生，患者，制藥公司及保險公司都在翹首期盼這本被當(dāng)作精神病學(xué)圣經(jīng)的最新版。The DSM39。s purpose is to set strict criteria for identifying mental disorders. DSM的目的是設(shè)立鑒別精神疾病的嚴(yán)格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。This is supposed to make diagnoses more reliable: a laudable aim. 這應(yīng)該會使診斷更為可靠，這一個值得稱道的目標(biāo)。To that end, more than 1,500 experts have spent over a decade labouring. 為了這個目標(biāo)，1500多名專家耗費(fèi)了多年勞動。In doing so, though, they have succeeded in adding to, rather than subtracting from, criticism that the DSM has bee a monster. 然而這些辛勞讓他們順利地在DSM中增加了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而非減少，這使DSM成為了一個龐然大物。In the eyes of many critics it is a vehicle for misdiagnosis, overdiagnosis, the medicalisation of normal behaviour and the prescription of a large number of unnecessary drugs. 在許多批評家眼中，DSM是誤診，過度診斷，正常行為醫(yī)療化以及開出大量不必要藥物處方的罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。Chapter and verse 引經(jīng)據(jù)典The DSM, the first version of which was published in 1952, has always attracted controversy. DSM自1952年第一版出版起便一直引發(fā)爭論。That version, and the second edition, published in 1968, relied on the premise that mental illness was a neurotic response to a patient39。s experience and environment. 第一版及1968年出版的第二版有賴于精神疾病是對病人的經(jīng)歷及環(huán)境的神經(jīng)質(zhì)反應(yīng)這一前提。People with the same symptoms could therefore receive wildly different diagnoses. 然而具有相同癥狀的人會受到截然不同的診斷。Different interpretations of experience and environment also meant that cultural differences affected diagnosis. 經(jīng)歷及環(huán)境的不同解讀也意味著文化差異會影響診斷。In 1971 Robert Kendell demonstrated this by showing that, faced with the same patients, American psychiatrists were much more likely to diagnose them as schizophrenic than were British psychiatrists. 羅伯特?肯德爾于1971年證明了這點(diǎn)，他指出，面對同一個病人，美國的精神病醫(yī)生比英國精神病醫(yī)生更可能將其診斷為精神分裂患者。The third DSM, published in 1980, introduced a new approach—also followed in the fourth in 1994. DSM第三版于1980年出版，引入了一種新的方法，1994年出版的第四版也遵循了該方法。DSMIII acknowledged that psychi