【正文】
已經(jīng)在市場那里得到啟動后,融資模式的轉(zhuǎn)換取決于市場對偷懶好處的處理,這樣的好處下降得越慢,銀行接手的時間就越久,銀行的學習能力發(fā)揮得就越遲,最終將導致技術(shù)傳播和經(jīng)濟增長速度變得越為緩慢;(3)如果存在很多家競爭性的銀行,則銀行的學習效應就進一步被弱化。就銀行導向結(jié)構(gòu)而言,其優(yōu)點在于銀行監(jiān)督上的規(guī)模效應可以得到充分發(fā)揮,但是,其缺點在于采納技術(shù)的初始條件較為嚴格。道德風險環(huán)境下市場導向結(jié)構(gòu)和銀行導向結(jié)構(gòu)的不同比較優(yōu)勢同這樣的典型事實時吻合的:在歷次技術(shù)革命中,前者總是作為技術(shù)應用的“先發(fā)者”,而后者卻總是處于“后發(fā)”和趕超的地位。比如:第一次工業(yè)革命中市場導向的英國和銀行導向的德國,第二次工業(yè)革命中市場導向的美國和銀行導向的日本,本次信息技術(shù)革命顯然又是美國“先發(fā)”。新增長理論對此典型事實有過關(guān)注,例如,Brezis、Krugman和Tsiddon(1993)認為后發(fā)國家能夠“蛙跳”的原因在于:領(lǐng)先國家在“舊”技術(shù)上存在著既得利益,后發(fā)國家因沒有“舊”技術(shù)的羈絆而可以迅速采納新技術(shù)。但是,對于新技術(shù)總是首先被市場導向國家應用、銀行導向國家卻總是滯后一步的現(xiàn)象,沒有給出現(xiàn)成的答案。本文的分析有助于填補此項空白。既然兩種結(jié)構(gòu)呈現(xiàn)出不同的比較優(yōu)勢,那么,一個自然的想法就是將它們的優(yōu)點結(jié)合起來。實際上,在本文的道德風險環(huán)境中,一個最優(yōu)的金融系統(tǒng)顯然是這樣的:存在一個金融市場,它在給的“絕對好人”融資后立即使偷懶的好處下降,以至市場證券的收益低于銀行發(fā)放第一筆貸款的收益。這樣,不僅技術(shù)啟動的問題得到了解決,而且,銀行在監(jiān)督上的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟優(yōu)勢也將得到最大限度的發(fā)揮?!跋劝l(fā)”和“后發(fā)”因而可以并舉。在市場導向結(jié)構(gòu)中,向這種最優(yōu)金融系統(tǒng)的逼近可以簡單地通過改善金融市場效率以及完善銀行業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)來得以進行。但是,在銀行導向結(jié)構(gòu)中,困難就要大得多。我們可以在先前的道德風險環(huán)境中做這樣設(shè)想:如果某項中間品技術(shù)融資已經(jīng)為銀行導向結(jié)構(gòu)所采納并得到逐步傳播,此時在此結(jié)構(gòu)中引入金融市場,則起始較大的偷懶好處必將推動市場證券的收益上升,銀行很可能因此而發(fā)生“脫媒”。在本文的一般均衡增長模型中,這倒也無妨。然而,如果放在非均衡的現(xiàn)實環(huán)境中,這樣的“脫媒”可能就是金融系統(tǒng)乃至經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)所無法承受的了。日本以及東南亞國家在20世紀90年代的遭遇同此種現(xiàn)象不無關(guān)系。因此,為了在銀行導向結(jié)構(gòu)中成功地引入金融市場,其關(guān)節(jié)點就在于必須首先設(shè)法降低金融市場乃至經(jīng)濟中彌漫的道德風險。最后,從本章對道德風險問題的分析看,對“脫媒”問題的傳統(tǒng)理解被擴大了:銀行會發(fā)生“脫媒”,市場也會發(fā)生“脫媒”。究竟會發(fā)生哪種取決于技術(shù)的演化過程:在技術(shù)引入的早期,前者會發(fā)生;在技術(shù)引入的后期,后者會發(fā)生。這一點對于金融結(jié)構(gòu)的動態(tài)演化也具有一定的啟示意義:如果在技術(shù)進步和經(jīng)濟增長過程中主要面臨的是道德問題,則金融結(jié)構(gòu)將最終趨向于銀行導向。實際上,從《帕特曼報告》中我們可以看到,在20世紀60、70年代,美國的大商業(yè)銀行已經(jīng)通過其信托部管理的資產(chǎn)日益加強了對工商業(yè)企業(yè)的控制。然而,以共同基金和養(yǎng)老基金為主的機構(gòu)投資者在80和90年代迅速崛起,這導致表現(xiàn)出“銀行化”趨勢的美國金融系統(tǒng)開始向另一個方向發(fā)展:以養(yǎng)老基金、壽險公司、共同基金等機構(gòu)投資者為主的“機構(gòu)化”。至于以德國為主的歐洲大陸國家,在貨幣統(tǒng)一后已經(jīng)在大力推進金融市場的發(fā)展,但目下似乎步履艱難。參考文獻:1. 巴羅和薩拉伊馬丁,1994:《經(jīng)濟增長》,中國社會科學出版社,2000年第一版2. 戈德斯密斯,1969:《金融結(jié)構(gòu)和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展》,上海三聯(lián)書店,1994年第一版3.Allen, F., and D. 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