【正文】 y person named in such a bill, which may be transferred /negotiated after endorsement. So it is sometimes called transferable B/L. It is because of this that nowadays, it is monly used in international practice. A blank B/L is also called open B/L or bearer B/L. It refers to the bill in which the name of a definite consignee is not mentioned. The area in B/L calling for the name of the consignee is left blank, with neither the name of the consignee nor the phraseology of “to order” filled in. This kind of B/L can be transferred/ negotiable without endorsement. There usually appear in the box of consignee words like “to bearer” and holder of the B/L can take delivery of the goods against the surrender of B/L, ., ownership of the goods passes when the bill is handed over to anyone.(4). Direct B/L, A transshipment B/L, A through B/LAccording to the modes of transport, it can be divided into 3 kinds.A direct B/L is referred to the consignment carried to the port of destination directly without transshipment.A transhipment B/L is issued by shipping panies when there is no direct service between the port of loading and port of destination, and the ship owner arranges to tranship the cargo at an intermediate port at his expense. This kind of Bill usually bears such a clause “Transhipment to be made”A through B/L is issued when the entire voyage involves more than one carrier, where the ocean shipment forms only part of the plete journey and, subsequent thereto, the goods have to be carried by other land or sea carriers. The first carrier issues the bill and collects the freight for the entire voyage, and arranges transshipment and forwarding of the goods at the intermediate port. The shipper prefers this kind of B/L because of the trouble having been saved to deal with other carriers by himself.(5). A long form B/L, A short form B/LAccording to the contents of the B/L, it can be divided into 2 forms: Long Form B/L and Short Form B/LA long form B/L refers to the B/L on the back of which all the detailed terms and conditions about the rights and obligations of the carrier and the consignor are listed as an integral part of the bill. It is more frequently used. A short form B/L is a document which omits the terms and conditions on the back of B/L.(6). A freight prepaid B/L, A freight to be collected B/LAccording to the time for payment of freight, it can be divided into 2 types.A freight prepaid B/L means that all the freight is paid by the consignor when B/L is issued by the carrier on which “freight prepaid” is indicated.A freight to be collected B/L refers to the B/L on which “freight payable at destination” is indicated.(7). A liner B/L, A charter party B/LAccording to the types of the carrying vessels, it can be classified into a liner B/L and a charter party B/L.(8). Other types of B/LBesides the abovementioned types of B/L there are some other types such as: container B/L。 on Deck B/L。 stale B/L。 groupage B/L。 house B/L。 antedated B/L and advanced B/L.：這是規(guī)定分運(yùn)時一定要按照比例裝運(yùn)。這多用于同一商品具有多種規(guī)格的情況下。例如，我出口桃仁1500箱，其中頭路900箱，二路600箱，合同規(guī)定每次裝運(yùn)要按6搭配。而且來證又作了如上規(guī)定。如我分三次裝運(yùn)，則每次應(yīng)為300箱頭路，200箱二路，始才合規(guī)定。This means when the goods are delivered partially, the subdelivered shipment must be on prorata basis. It is used when there are several specifications for one modity. For example, we export 1500 boxes of Peach Kernels, of which the first lot 900 boxes, second 600 boxes. The contract stipulates that each shipment should be delivered on the proportion of 4 to 6. In the ing L/C, there is also this stipulation. If we want to deliver the goods in three lots, the first lot should be 300 cases, second 200.6 There is no difference in translation, both can be translated as “分兩批裝運(yùn)”. But in practical work, the understanding is different, so in dealing with these sentences we should use different ways. As to “two lots”, the consigner can load the goods in the same contract on the same ship with the same voyage, but he should make two sets of documents. As to “two shipments”, the goods should be loaded on two different ships or the same ship with different voyages.7 PSA = Port of Singapore Authority, which is an article in Singapore Authority Port. This article requires ships to be docked at the pier due to lower prices, but Singapore39。s berth is in great tension, often the ships have to float, so this article should not be accepted.8 It should be considered with the L/C. If transshipment is allowed in the L/C, it can be understood as “Transshipment at Hongkong”。 if transshipment is not allowed in the L/C, it should be understood as “No transshipment at Hongkong, but only passby at Hongkong.”9 This term can be often seen in the L/C from Germany. It can be accepted by China. Usually, according to the term, the through bill of lading is issued by China or the China Merchants, and it should make it clear that in Hongkong the goods should be transshipped to the ships of Maersk shipping pany.10. Pamp。I Club means Protection and Inelemnity Club. This provision requires the members of the Association to use the cargo ships of the Association and the certification should be issued by the Association as well. Our Chinese panies do not accept this provision.11 It means that the goods are requested to be loaded on the cargo ships registered in British Lioyds Register of Shipping and the certificate should be issued by this Lioyds Register of Shipping. Generally speaking, it cannot be accepted by us because there is no agent of Lioyds Register of Shipping in out country. In Hongkong, there is a such agency, which can issue the certificates required by the terms.12 This is a request to FCL container shipment, only the mantissa is allowed for LCL shipments. When the goods are shipped, it should be indicated clearly that which goods are FCL container shipment, and which goods are LCL container shipment.IV. Case study1.[Answer]: The loss to the stationary pertained to particular average, while the loss to the tea was a