【正文】 ……somewhat akin to the development of an organism 8. According to Gleason in paragraph 3, the occurrence of a species in a particular munity is influenced by(A) unpredictable events不可預(yù)測的事件(B) how individualistic the species is物種的獨立性(C) the number of other species present 其他物種顯示的數(shù)量(D) the tolerance of other species to stresses其他物種對于壓力的容忍度答案：A解析：定位第三段Gleason saw the element of chance as important in influencing where species occurred。 9. What did the ecologists in paragraph 4 hope to determine with their measurements?(A) Whether different species pete for the same environments是否不同物種在相同環(huán)境里競爭(B) Whether habitats are sharply separated or gradually flow into each other是否棲息地忽然分割或者緩慢的流入到另外一個棲息地(C) Whether succession differs in different types of habitats是否生態(tài)演替在不同類型的棲息地是不一樣的(D) Whether integrated munities survive better than independent munities是否融合的群落比獨立的群落生存更好答案：B解析：定位段落里的for instance得出關(guān)鍵信息是看氣息地帶的分割是緩慢還是忽然。所以只有選項B與這個意思完全一致。直接選擇。10. In paragraph 5, why does the author mention green ash trees and plains cottonwood trees?(A) To support the current view about how ecological munities (B) To provide an example of species that prefer to live on floodplains.提供一個能夠更適應(yīng)在泛濫平原生存的物種例子(C) To provide evidence that supports the theory of Clements提供證據(jù)支持clements理論(D) To show where one ecological munity stops and the other begins顯示一個生態(tài)群落停止，另外一個生態(tài)群落開始的地點答案：A解析：舉例子都是為了支持前面的論點，所以定位詞green ash trees and plains cottonwood trees回原文后往前一句看，發(fā)現(xiàn)這個例子是支持了Gleason這個人的觀點物種都是偶然的集合體都能對特定的環(huán)境做出同樣的反應(yīng)。A選項與這個觀點靠近。B泛濫平原本身就是這兩種樹所在例子里的細節(jié)內(nèi)容，不是兩種樹作為例子的目的，排除。C這個是支持Gleason不是Clement。D沒提這個事 11. The word persevere in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) (B) (C) ，膨脹(D) continue持續(xù)答案：D，persevere 堅持，不屈不撓 12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A) We see nature as precisely balanced because nature is unchanging.我們認為自然是精確平衡因為自然是沒有變化得(B) A precise balance of nature is not possible because of the plexity of natural systems. 自然得精確平衡是不可能得因為自然系統(tǒng)得復(fù)雜性(C) 0ur sense that nature is precisely balanced results from the illusion that it is unchanging.我們認為自然是精確平衡的這個想法來自于它是沒有變化的錯覺(D) Because nature is precisely balanced, plex systems do not seem to change.因為自然是精確平衡的，所以復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)似乎沒有變化答案：C解析：劃線句翻譯是“但是如果我們看到了自然精確的平衡，大部分都是我們意識里的假象，因為大自然，尤其是像森林那樣復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)，似乎每天都沒有任何變化，所以我們會產(chǎn)生一種幻覺?！盇與該句意思相反。B沒提。D沒提13 Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Their research has helped to decide between the two views because it has focused on questions to which Clements and Gleason would give opposing answers. 答案：C解析：插入句翻譯是他們的研究幫助在2個觀點間做出判斷，因為這個研究專注于解決clements和gleason可能給出相反回答的問題。根據(jù)插入句主語their research得知這前面必定有所提及研究是什么，所以A位置不合適。如果放在B位置處，會發(fā)現(xiàn)前一句里也沒有單詞能夠作為their research的指代內(nèi)容，唯一相近的precise measurements但是這個是復(fù)數(shù)，我們需要一個單數(shù)的名詞，故排除。C位置their research剛好指代前面for instance后面在一個山體斜坡上做的一個觀察的研究，且該插入句后面意思是“該研究有助于幫助大家在兩個觀點中下決定?！睆亩龊竺鎯蓚€if從句所做出的不同的觀察所下的結(jié)論。邏輯上相符合。14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Over time, a variety of views have been formed on the structure of ecological munities.Answer Choices(A) Clements held that ecological munities were like organisms that pete with each other for dominance in a particular climatic region.Clements認為生態(tài)群落和有機物類似，在一個特定的氣候區(qū)域里互相競爭成為占有統(tǒng)治地位的物種(B) Clements saw the munity as a collection of thoroughly interdependent species progressing toward a single climax munity.Clements把群落看做相互依賴物種的集合，最終進化成為一個單一的終端群落(C) Gleason held that within a single climatic region, differing local factors would cause ecological munities to develop in different ways.Gleason認為在一個單一的氣候區(qū)域里，不同的本地因素可能會導(dǎo)致生態(tài)群落以不同的形式發(fā)展(D) Gleason believed that sharp divisions would exist between species in different habitats.Gleason相信快速的分割可能存在于不同棲息地的物種中(E) Today39。s ecologists recognize that ecological munities must be precisely and permanently balanced.今天生態(tài)學(xué)家意識到生態(tài)群落必須是絕對精確和永遠平衡得(F) The current thinking is that munities are individualistic and largely accidental collections of species with similar needs and tolerances.當(dāng)今想法是群落是獨立的，大部分是有著相似需求和容忍度的物種的偶然的集合答案：BCF解析：選項A的內(nèi)容競爭成為統(tǒng)治者沒有提到，排除。B是文章第二段意思的綜合概括。C是文章第三段的觀點。D內(nèi)容沒有提及。E觀點是第一段20世紀(jì)早期科學(xué)家的想法。F是第五段的意思