【正文】
Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one.4) every不可以作狀語,each可作狀語。5) every 有反復(fù)重復(fù)的意思,如 every two weeks等; each沒有。6) every 與not 連用,表示部分否定; each 和not連用表示全部否定。 Every man is not honest. 并非每個(gè)人都誠實(shí)?! ach man is not honest. 這兒每個(gè)人都不誠實(shí)。 both, either, neither, all, any, none 這些詞都可用作代詞或形容詞。其位置都在be 動(dòng)詞之后,行為動(dòng)詞之前或第一助動(dòng)詞之后。 1) both (兩者都),either(兩者中任何一個(gè)), neither (兩者都不)。以上詞使用范圍為兩個(gè)人或物?! either of the two boys is clever. 兩個(gè)男孩都不聰明。 2) both,either both與復(fù)數(shù)連用,either與單數(shù)連用?!?Both the boys are clever. 兩個(gè)男孩都很聰明?!?Either of the two boys is clever. 兩個(gè)男孩都很聰明?!?There are flowers on both sides of the street. (兩岸) There are flowers on either side of the street. (岸的兩邊) 路邊長滿了野花?!?) all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一個(gè)), none (都不)。 以上詞使用范圍為三者以上。 All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都謝了?!?I don39。t like any of the flowers. 這些花我都不喜歡?!?I like none of the flowers. 這些花我都不喜歡?!∽⒁猓篴ll與none用法一樣。跟單數(shù)名詞,用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞;跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞,用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞?! ll of the students are there. 所有的學(xué)生都在那?! ll (of) the milk is there. 所有的牛奶都在那。 many, muchMany,much都意為許多, many + 可數(shù)名詞,much + 不可數(shù)名詞。 How many people are there at the meeting? How much time has we left? Many of the workers were at the meeting. Much of the time was spent on learning few, little, a few, a little(a) few + 可數(shù)名詞, (a) little + 不可數(shù)名詞 a few / a little 為肯定含義,還有一點(diǎn) few / little 為否定含義,沒有多少了?!e has a few friends. 他有幾個(gè)朋友?!e has few friends. 他幾乎沒有朋友?!e still have a little time. 我們還有點(diǎn)時(shí)間?!here is little time 。典型例題: Although he 39。s wealthy,he spends___ on clothes. A. little B. few C. a little D. a few 答案: A. spend所指的是錢,不可數(shù),只能用little或 a little. 本句為although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句,由句意知后句為否定含義,因此應(yīng)用little表示幾乎不。固定搭配: only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many) many a (=many) Many books were sold. Many a book was sold. 賣出了許多書。4. 形容詞和副詞 形容詞及其用法形容詞修飾名詞,說明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。通常, 可將形容詞分成性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類,其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。1) 直接說明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞,它有級(jí)的變化,可以用程度副詞修飾,在句中可作定語、表語和補(bǔ)語。例如:hot 熱的。2) 敘述形容詞只能作表語,所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級(jí)的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如:afraid 害怕的?! 。ㄥe(cuò)) He is an ill man. ?。▽?duì)) The man is ill. (錯(cuò)) She is an afraid girl. ?。▽?duì)) The girl is afraid. 這類詞還有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。3)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時(shí),要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以thing為字尾的詞語時(shí),要放在這些詞之后,例如: something nice 以ly結(jié)尾的形容詞1) 大部分形容詞加ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively, ugly,brotherly,仍為形容詞?!「腻e(cuò):(錯(cuò)) She sang lovely. (錯(cuò)) He spoke to me very friendly. (對(duì)) Her singing was lovely. (對(duì)) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2)有些以ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞,也為副詞?! ?daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily 用形容詞表示類別和整體1) 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人,與謂語動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry The poor are losing hope.2) 有關(guān)國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體,與動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用?! ?the British,the English,the French,the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor 多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),其順序?yàn)椋骸?限定詞數(shù)詞描繪詞(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) 出處材料性質(zhì),類別名詞 a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car典型例題:1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys. A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two 答案:C。由限定詞數(shù)詞描繪詞(大小,長短,形狀,新舊,顏色) 性質(zhì)名詞的公式可知數(shù)詞,描繪詞,性質(zhì)依次順序,只有C符合答案。2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old 答案A. 幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞,他們的排列順序是:年齡,形狀,大小+顏色+來源+質(zhì)地+用途+國家+名詞。3) How was your recent visit to Qingdao? It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside. A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last答案:B。本題考查多個(gè)形容詞的排序問題。一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個(gè)形容詞的重要性差不多,音節(jié)少的形容詞在前,音節(jié)多的方在后,在不能確定時(shí),可參照下表:限定詞+數(shù)量詞(序數(shù)詞在前,基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+those + three + beautiful + large + square 新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞old + brown + wood + table 副詞及其基本用法副詞主要用來修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞,副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。一、副詞的位置:1) 在動(dòng)詞之前。2) 在be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后?!?3) 多個(gè)助動(dòng)詞時(shí),副詞一般放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后。注意: a. 大多數(shù)方式副詞位于句尾,但賓語過長,副詞可以提前,以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. b. 方式副詞well,badly糟、壞,hard等只放在句尾?! e speaks English well.二、副詞的排列順序:1) 時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)副詞,小單位的在前,大單位在后。2) 方式副詞,短的在前,長的在后,并用and或but等連詞連接。 Please write slowly and carefully.3) 多個(gè)不同副詞排列:程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時(shí)間副詞。注意:副詞very 可以修飾形容詞,但不能修飾動(dòng)詞?!?改錯(cuò):(錯(cuò)) I very like English. (對(duì)) I like English very much.注意:副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面,形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可?! ?I don39。t know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat. 兼有兩種形式的副詞1) close與closely close意思是近; closely 意思是仔細(xì)地 He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.2) late 與lately late意思是晚; lately 意思是最近 You have e too late. What have you been doing lately?3) deep與deeply deep意思是深,表示空間深度;deeply時(shí)常表示感情上的深度,深深地 He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.4) high與highly high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當(dāng)于much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.5) wide與widely wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是廣泛地,在許多地方 He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world.6) free與freely free的意思是免費(fèi);freely 的意思是無限制地 You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely。 say what you like. 形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)大多數(shù)形容詞(性質(zhì)形容詞)和副詞有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化,即原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí),用來表示事物的等級(jí)差別。原級(jí)即形容詞的原形,比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。1) 規(guī)則變化 單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞,加詞尾er,est來構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)?!?gòu)成法 原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí) 一般單音節(jié)詞 tall(高的) taller tallest未尾加er,est great(巨大的) greater greatest 以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾 nice(好的) nicer nicest的單音詞和少數(shù) large(大的) larger largest以 le結(jié)尾的雙 able(有能力的) abler ablest音節(jié)詞只加r,st