【正文】 。是指在長(zhǎng)期的司法實(shí)踐中逐步發(fā)展起來(lái)的證據(jù)規(guī)則。7．示范證據(jù)規(guī)則。是指有關(guān)國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)或者社會(huì)組織擬定或者推薦的證據(jù)規(guī)則。8．法定證據(jù)規(guī)則。是指立法機(jī)關(guān)通過(guò)立法程序制定、公布的證據(jù)規(guī)則。9．取證規(guī)則。是指關(guān)于取證規(guī)范的證據(jù)規(guī)則。包括有罪證據(jù)由控方收集；辯方有權(quán)調(diào)查取證；不被強(qiáng)迫自證其罪，包括嚴(yán)禁刑訊逼供和沉默權(quán)問(wèn)題；證人必須作證義務(wù)等。10．采證規(guī)則。是指確定證據(jù)是否有可采性的證據(jù)規(guī)則，也就是證據(jù)能否被作為證據(jù)在法庭上提出。11．查證規(guī)則。包括控辯雙方提出證據(jù)須經(jīng)聲請(qǐng)、交叉詢問(wèn)規(guī)則、法庭當(dāng)庭認(rèn)證的規(guī)則、推定和司法認(rèn)知的規(guī)則。12．定案規(guī)則。這類規(guī)則應(yīng)當(dāng)包括：證據(jù)證明力的判斷規(guī)則；起訴的證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與審判時(shí)定罪標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是否相同；有罪判決的證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；補(bǔ)強(qiáng)證據(jù)規(guī)則；疑罪從無(wú)規(guī)則，即對(duì)證據(jù)不足的案件，應(yīng)當(dāng)無(wú)罪處理。13．證據(jù)本身的規(guī)則。是指關(guān)于證據(jù)的證據(jù)能力和證明能力的規(guī)則。14．運(yùn)用證據(jù)的規(guī)則。是指訴訟各方在運(yùn)用證據(jù)時(shí)必須遵守的規(guī)則，是一種動(dòng)態(tài)的規(guī)則。15．意見(jiàn)證據(jù)規(guī)則。英美法系國(guó)家的意見(jiàn)證據(jù)規(guī)則是指，證人只能陳述自己親身感受和經(jīng)歷的事實(shí)，而不得陳述對(duì)該事實(shí)的意見(jiàn)或者結(jié)論。16．交叉詢問(wèn)規(guī)則。17．最佳證據(jù)規(guī)則。當(dāng)事人主義的另一重要原則，就是為了保證被告人獲得公平的審判，防止錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)定案件事實(shí)，所以所有證據(jù)資料，不但要具有相關(guān)性，而且力求確實(shí)，“最佳證據(jù)規(guī)則”就是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目的而產(chǎn)生的。18．意見(jiàn)證據(jù)規(guī)則。英美法系國(guó)家的意見(jiàn)證據(jù)規(guī)則是指，證人只能陳述自己親身感受的理由和經(jīng)歷的事實(shí)，而不得陳述對(duì)該事實(shí)的意見(jiàn)或者結(jié)論。這是因?yàn)橐话阕C人缺乏專業(yè)知識(shí)，沒(méi)有能力對(duì)事實(shí)作出評(píng)價(jià)，而對(duì)事實(shí)作出評(píng)價(jià)則是執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)的職權(quán)，證人對(duì)事實(shí)作出評(píng)價(jià)就是侵犯了執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)的職權(quán)。19．特權(quán)規(guī)則。為保護(hù)特定的社會(huì)關(guān)系和公私利益，英美法律規(guī)定個(gè)人、法人、組織和政府在訴訟中享有一定的特權(quán)。特權(quán)的享有者可以免除出庭作證和就特權(quán)事項(xiàng)提供證明，可以制止他人提示特權(quán)范圍內(nèi)的情況。20．補(bǔ)強(qiáng)證據(jù)規(guī)則。是指為了保障被告人利益，就特殊重大案件，以及某些證明力顯然薄弱的證據(jù)，仍要求有法定證據(jù)或者補(bǔ)強(qiáng)證據(jù)的證據(jù)規(guī)則。21．傳聞證據(jù)規(guī)則。最早產(chǎn)生于英國(guó)，并在美國(guó)得到極大的發(fā)展。所謂傳聞證據(jù)，通常是指證人的陳述，不是陳述其親身經(jīng)歷的事實(shí)，而只是轉(zhuǎn)述傳聞的內(nèi)容，也就是將其他人的陳述在法庭上提出，作為自己作證的語(yǔ)言。由于傳聞證據(jù)的可采性較低，因此，對(duì)傳聞證據(jù)一般是予以排除。也就是說(shuō)，所謂傳聞證據(jù)規(guī)則就是對(duì)傳聞證據(jù)的排除規(guī)則。22．非法證據(jù)排除規(guī)則。非法證據(jù)排除規(guī)則是對(duì)非法取得的供述與非法搜查和扣押取得的證據(jù)予以排除的統(tǒng)稱。也就是說(shuō)，非法證據(jù)排除規(guī)則是指除非法律另有規(guī)定，執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)不得采納非法證據(jù)，將其作為定案的證據(jù)。23．相關(guān)證據(jù)規(guī)則。是指只有與本案有關(guān)的事實(shí)材料才能作為證據(jù)使用，它是證據(jù)規(guī)則體系中的一項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)性規(guī)則。二、填空題1．證據(jù)規(guī)則的法律屬性有：具有明顯的程序性；具有明確的指導(dǎo)性；具有強(qiáng)制的效力。2．以證據(jù)規(guī)則的表現(xiàn)形式為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)證據(jù)規(guī)則進(jìn)行分類，可分為成文法證據(jù)規(guī)則、判立法證據(jù)規(guī)則和習(xí)慣法證據(jù)規(guī)則。3．傳聞證據(jù)規(guī)則最早產(chǎn)生于英國(guó)，并在美國(guó)得到了極大地發(fā)展。4．可采性是指執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)是否可以將非法證據(jù)作為定案證據(jù)使用。三、選擇題1．證據(jù)規(guī)則普遍存在于（AB）。A．大陸法系國(guó)家 B．英美法系國(guó)家 C．社會(huì)主義國(guó)家 D．資本主義國(guó)家2．法定證據(jù)制度是（C）的證據(jù)制度。A．國(guó)際上通用的 B．原始社會(huì) C．歷史上曾經(jīng)存在 D．現(xiàn)今社會(huì)所仍然適用四、問(wèn)答題1．制定證據(jù)規(guī)則的可行性是什么？答：制定證據(jù)規(guī)則的可行性是：（1）符合訴訟證明的需要；（2）實(shí)行完全的自由心證違反了訴訟的基本目的；（3）是我國(guó)刑事訴訟制度吸收英美法系當(dāng)事人主義的必然結(jié)果；（4）保證訴訟公正，加強(qiáng)刑事訴訟中的人權(quán)保障的需要；（5）有利于排除可能不真實(shí)的證據(jù)。2．證據(jù)規(guī)則有哪些功能？答：證據(jù)規(guī)則的功能有：（1）查明案件事實(shí)真相的功能；（2）側(cè)重保護(hù)其他社會(huì)價(jià)值的功能；（3）兼有發(fā)現(xiàn)真實(shí)和保護(hù)人權(quán)的功能；（4）追求訴訟效率的功能。3．非法證據(jù)包括哪些范圍？答：證據(jù)規(guī)則包括的范圍有：（1）執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)違反法定程序制作的調(diào)查收集的證據(jù)材料；（2）執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)在超越職權(quán)或者濫用職權(quán)是制作或者調(diào)查收集的證據(jù)材料；（3）律師或者當(dāng)事人采取非法手段制作或者調(diào)查收集的證據(jù)材料；（4）非法證據(jù)包括執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)以非法的證據(jù)材料為線索調(diào)查收集的其他證據(jù)。4．非法證據(jù)排除規(guī)則的作用是什么？答：非法證據(jù)排除規(guī)則的作用是：（1）控制警察的非法取證行為；（2）有利于督促執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)守法；（3）有利于防止或減少冤假錯(cuò)案；（4）有利于切實(shí)保障訴訟參與人的權(quán)利；（5）能夠促進(jìn)公安司法機(jī)關(guān)及其工作人員法制觀念的轉(zhuǎn)變。If we don39。t do that it will go on and go on. We have to stop it。 we need the courage to do it.His ments came hours after Fifa vicepresident Jeffrey Webb also in London for the FA39。s celebrations said he wanted to meet Ivory Coast international Toure to discuss his plaint.CSKA general director Roman Babaev says the matter has been exaggerated by the Ivorian and the British media.Blatter, 77, said: It has been decided by the Fifa congress that it is a nonsense for racism to be dealt with with fines. You can always find money from somebody to pay them.It is a nonsense to have matches played without spectators because it is against the spirit of football and against the visiting team. It is all nonsense.We can do something better to fight racism and discrimination.This is one of the villains we have today in our game. But it is only with harsh sanctions that racism and discrimination can be washed out of football.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islandsbased Webb, the head of Fifa39。s antiracism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association39。s 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend City39。s Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me it39。s about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCity39。s 21 win.Michel Platini, president of European football39。s governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee39。s actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toure39。s plaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA.Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our daytoday weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest ( miles/ kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of mercial airliners ( miles/ kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth bees the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, he39。ll be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound 690 mph (1,110 kph) in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him pletely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes it39。s not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270squarefoot (25squaremeter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it won39。t. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to p