【正文】 入人群比高收入人群更有可能得到社會保障金。第2句This is true for those benefits which...和第3句It is not, 1 , true of...分別陳述了兩種情況。而第3句在內容上與第2句構成了一種轉折的語義關系。所以此題選C. however。而furthermore表示遞進，therefore表示因果，otherwise表示補充，這三個選項顯然都不合適。我們再來看第2題。此題也需要對上下文有一個總體的把握才能做對。前面一句是說退休金發(fā)給所有已經(jīng)繳納一定款額的人，這樣收入低的人們就陷入了一種消極的收入垂直再分配——從低收入人群流向高收入人群。我們再看空格后的一句，高收入的退休者比低收入的退休者活得長。很顯然，后一句是前一句的原因，它們之間是因果關系。所以C. because為正確選項。3 段落主題句的作用在解題時可以利用短文第一句和最后一句把握文章主題，找出答題線索。通過對近十年英語知識運用短文首尾兩句話的分析與總結發(fā)現(xiàn)，雖然只是短短的兩句，卻包含著非常豐富的信息。文章開頭一句(有時是主題句，有時不是主題句)往往會或多或少地包含以下信息：what→涉及的事件/事物及其狀況或特征where→地點when→時間who→相關的人物why→相關原因how→有關的論點下面是1999年～2008年研究生入學考試英語試卷中使用過的短文的首句，我們把其中分別包含的信息整理如下：Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.（2009年 what，how）The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. (2008年 what，how)。By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had bee independent nations.(2007年 when,who, how)；The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population.(2006年who ,how)。The human nose is an underrated tool.(2005年what,how)。Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinguency(crimes mitted by young people)focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. (2004年what,how)。Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. (2003年who，how)；Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. (2002年what， how， when)；The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West. (2001年who，what，how)；If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. (2000年who，why，how)；Industrial safety does not just happen. (1999年what，how)；從第一句話，我們就能知道這篇短文大概要談論的內容。我們再來看看這十篇短文末尾一句的特點。作為全文最后一句，作者通常會把自己的觀點加以總結或強化，構成首尾呼應。這樣一來，文章保持了一致和連貫，同時也為解題提供了依據(jù)。尾句通常包含以下信息：conclusion→結論suggestion→建議或提示summary→對全文的概括或總結result→事件發(fā)展的結果influence→事情的影響或后果下面是歷年研究生入學考試英語試卷中使用過的短文的最后一句：_20 the results are inconclusive.（2009年influence）His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.（2008年 condusion） Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 selfrule and democracy.（2007年 condusion）As Edward Blotkowsk... puts it, “There has to be 20 of programs. What we need is a package deal.”(2006年conclusion)The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke,which might indicate the danger of fire.(2005年 conclusion)All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child mitting a criminal act, 20 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. (2004年 conclusion,summary)38 they can help students acquire a sense of mitment by 39 for roles that are within their 40 and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules. （2003年 suggestion） And generalizations have proved difficult. (2002年conclusion )Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts. （2001年 result）Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. （2000年result，suggestion）This may mean the difference between operating at 10 or at a loss. （1999年 influence，suggestion）由此可見，抓住首尾兩句是對文章從語篇層面進行總體把握的關鍵。綜上所述，考生在做英語知識運用題時應有一個整體意識，對全文內容進行總體把握。英語知識運用是對運用英語的能力進行綜合考查，其對語法知識、詞匯運用和語篇能力的考查是交織在一起的。我們遇到一道考題，有時不能簡單地說，它是考語法或是考詞匯的，往往需要我們運用語法和詞匯兩方面的知識才能夠解答。因此，做好英語知識運用題是建立在能夠熟練運用、融會貫通語法、詞匯和語篇知識的基礎之上的。