【正文】 深層結(jié)構(gòu)的層次上，屈折結(jié)尾不與動詞連在一起。它們與動詞是分開的，是輔助短語的一部分。21. The verbs in verb phrases are called main verbs 。 the other verbs are helping verbs .　在動詞短語中的動詞是主要動詞，其它的動詞都是助動詞。22. In TG Grammar ,an auxiliary phrase consists of four ponents :tense ,modal verbs ,the perfect aspect and the progressive aspect .在轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法中，一個輔助短語有四部分組成：時態(tài)，情態(tài)動詞，完成體，進(jìn)行體。23. To generate the deep structure of an English sentence, we always start with the rule :S NP AUX VP.，為了構(gòu)造一個英語句子的深層結(jié)構(gòu)，我們總是以規(guī)則　　　　　　　　開始。24. All transformational rules perform three kinds of operations : rearranging the sentence elements 。 adding a new element to the phrase marker 。 deleting an element from the phrase marker .所有的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則都執(zhí)行三種步驟：重組句子成分，在短語標(biāo)記中添加一個新的成分，從短語標(biāo)記中刪除一個成分。(2010年1月考題)25. Some transformational rules are obligatory and many are optional .The obligatory Trules have to be applied if we want to obtain wellformed sentences.　一些轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則是強(qiáng)制性的，但是大多數(shù)是選擇性的，如果我們要獲得構(gòu)造很好的句子，就必須使用強(qiáng)制性的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則。26. Technically speaking ,a formalized Trule consists of two parts :the structural description and the structural change .嚴(yán)格來說，一個規(guī)定的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則有兩個部分構(gòu)成：結(jié)構(gòu)描述和結(jié)構(gòu)改變。第七章語義學(xué)填空題或選擇題1. Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning :the meaning of words ,phrases and ，包括單詞意義，短語意義和句子意義。(2010年1月考題)2. The denotative meaning（外延意義）of a linguistic form is the person ,object ,abstract notion ,event ,or state which the word or sentence denotes .一種語言形式的外延意義是指單詞或句子所指示的人物，物體，抽象概念，事件或者狀態(tài)。3. The　connotation of a linguistic form has to do with its overtones of meaning ,that is , what the linguistic form suggests . 一種語言形式的隱涵意義與言外之意有關(guān)，也就是語言形式所暗示的意義。4. There are three types of connotation which suggest the speaker’s different attitudes :　positive connotation ,neutral connotation and negative connotation .暗示說話者不同態(tài)度的隱涵意義有三種：積極的隱涵意義，中性的隱涵意義和消極的隱涵意義。5. Lexical semantics（詞匯語義學(xué)） is concerned with word /lexical meaning .詞匯語義學(xué)與單詞意義有關(guān)。6. Following the theory of Componential Analysis （成分分析法）,we define the meaning of a word as a set of semantic features or semantic ponents with the values :plus(+) or minus ().根據(jù)成分分析法的理論，我們把一個單詞的意思定義為一系列的語義特征或者帶有正值或負(fù)值的語義成分。7. The relationship between the term on the higher level and terms on one level below is said to be hyponymy .It is a kind of relationship between higher term /general term/superordinate and lower term /specific term /subordinate .高層次術(shù)語和低一層次術(shù)語之間的關(guān)系就是上下義關(guān)系。它是較高層次和較低層次或者概括意義的詞和具體意義的詞或者上義詞和下義詞之間的一種關(guān)系。8. The words that sound different but have the same or nearly the same meaning are called synonyms. The relationship between these words is called 。這些詞之間的關(guān)系稱為同義關(guān)系。9. When a pair of words are opposite in meaning ., they are antonyms .The relationship between them is called 　antonymy. 當(dāng)一對單詞意思相反，它們就是反義詞。它們之間的關(guān)系稱為反義關(guān)系。10. The meaning of gradable pairs of antonyms is characterized by relativity .可分等級的反義詞的意義特征是相對性。11. Different from plementary pairs ,gradable pairs of antonyms have parative and　superlative forms .和互補(bǔ)性反義詞不同的是，可分等級的反義詞有比較級形式和最高級形式。12. Semantic ambiguity can be divided into two types :lexical ambiguity（詞匯歧義） and structural ambiguity （結(jié)構(gòu)歧義）.　語義歧義可以分成兩種：詞匯歧義和結(jié)構(gòu)歧義。13. The semantic ambiguity which is caused by ambiguous words rather than by ambiguous structures is called lexical ambiguity . 由有歧義的單詞而不是有歧義的結(jié)構(gòu)所導(dǎo)致的語義歧義稱為詞匯歧義。14. A word is polysemic if it has more than one meaning .如果一個單詞有不止一個意義它就是多義的。15. If sentences are syntactically wellformed but semantically illformed ,they are known as semantically anomalous sentences .如果句子合乎語法但是語義上不通，它們就是語義上反常的句子。第八章語用學(xué)填空題或選擇題1.　According to Austin ,the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance are locutionary act ,illocutionary act and perlocutionary act . 根據(jù)奧斯汀，一個人在發(fā)出話語的時候常會有三種行為：言內(nèi)行為，言外行為和言后行為。2.　Usually sentence meaning is abstract and decontextualized while utterance meaning is concrete and contextdependent . 通常句子意義是抽象的，是不依賴語境的，而話語意義是具體的，是依賴語境的。3.　The basic difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics considers meaning in context while traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use .語用學(xué)和傳統(tǒng)語義學(xué)的基本區(qū)別在于語用學(xué)在語境中研究意義而傳統(tǒng)語義學(xué)在意義研究時不考慮語境。4.　Searle classifies illocutionary speech acts into five types :representatives ,directives ,missives ,expressives ,and declaratives .舍爾將言外行為分成五種，闡述類，指令類，承諾類，表達(dá)類，宣告類。5.　According to Austin ,there are two types of sentences: those sentences that are used to do things and those that are used to describe things . The former is　performatives ,which can not be true or false ,while the latter ，句子有兩種，一種用來陳述一種事實(shí)，一種用來描述一種情況。前者是施為句，既不陳述事實(shí)，也不描述情況，后者是表述句。 整理分享